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Latin Name.
Veronica hedzrifolia
Veronica arvenfis
Veronica Becabunga
Poa rigida
Poa pratenfis
Poa trivialis
Alopecurus myofuroides
Bromus hirfutus
Galium Aparine
Plantago lanceolata
Plantago major
Sagina erecta
Convolvulus arvenfis
Solanum nigrum
Chenopodium album
Chenopodium viride
Chenopodium polyfpermum
Hyacinthus non fcriptus
Juncus campeftris
Rumex crifpus
Epilobium hirfutum
Epilobium villofum
Epilobium tetragonum
Epilobium anguftifolium
Erica cinerea
Adoxa Mofchatellina
Chryfofplenium oppofitifolium
Saxifraga trydactylites
Saponaria officinalis
Stellaria Holoftea
Oxalis Acetofella
Lychnis dioica
Ceraftium femidecandrum
Ceraftium vulgatum
Ceraftium vifcofum
Geum urbanum
Adonis autumnalis
Anemone nemorofa
Ranunculus Ficaria
Ranunculus hirfutus
Ranunculus auricomus
Ranunculus {celeratus
Ajuga reptans
Glechoma hederacea
Lamium album -
Lamium amplexicaule
Thymus Serpyllum
Eryfimum Alliaria
Arabis thaliana
Geranium molle
Malva fylveftris
Fumaria officinalis
Trifolium ornithopodioides
Trifolium fubterraneum
Trifolium fragiferum
Lotus corniculatus
Medicago lupulina
Sonchus oleraceus
"T'ufhlago Petafites
Tufhlago Farfara
‘Viola canina
Orchis mafcula |
Arum maculatum
Poterium Sanguiforba
Mercurialis perennis
Atriplex haftata
Ofmunda Spicant
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Bryum truncatulum
Bryum viridulum
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Agaricus fimetarius
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Dianpria Monogynia.
TrIanpria Monogynia.
TETRANDRIA Monogynia.
TETRANDRIA Tetragynia.
PENTANDRIA Monogynia,
PENTANDRIA Digynia.
Hexanpria Monogynia
HrxANDRIA Trigynia.
Ocranpria Monogynia.
Ocranpria Tetragyniag
Decanpria Digynia,
Decanpria Trigynia,
ENNEANDRIA Pentagynia
Icosanpria Polygynia.
PoryampmnrA Polygynia,
^ Dipynamia Gymnofpermia.
TETRADYNAMIA Siiquofa.
MowapErPHIA Decandria.
MonaveLpuia Polyandria,
DIaApDELPHIA Hexandriz.
.DraApzLPHIA Decandrja.
SYNGENESIA Polygamia JEmqualis.
SYNGENESIA Polycamia Superflua.
SYNGENESIA Monogamia.
GYNANDRIA m
Gynanpria Polyandria.
MoNOECIA Polyandria,
DioEcrA Fxneandyia.
PorvcAMriA Monoecia.
CRYPIOGAMIA Fii/ices,
CRYPTOGAMIA Muf.
CRYPTOGAMIA Fungi.
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INDEX HINDEX IH
In which the Latin Names of the Plants In which the Englifh Nomes of .the
are arranged Alphabetically. Plants are arranged Alphabetically.
Plate. { Plate’
- Arum maculatum ; s " : " . 63 Anemone W ood ; LS 5 . 38
Atriplex haftata à 3 i ; i . 66 | Allfeed ¢ , : ; : ; Zt. cL
Adonis autumnalis à à , : - + 37 | Avens common ‘ : - 36
Adoxa Mofchatellina ; : ; : . 26 | Birds-foot- T refoil common : , « - 56
Arabis thaliana i : ; : . - 49 | Bryum brown : 1 ; = RS
Anemone nemorofa i , . - + 38 | Bryum green p T : : : Cim vi
Ajuga reptans : i : . , * 43 | Butter bur a , - , " 59
Agaricus fimetarius ; : : - 73 | Bugle commen ; 2 ‘ is
Agaricus ovatus ; d : - 72 | Brook-lime í ; : ; o MES
Alopecurus myofuroides T à , " i 7 | Burnet , á : mon
Bryum truncatulum n ; A - 70 | Brome- grafs hairy flalk? d j ; x" OR
Bryum viridulum : s . «71 | Cuckow-pint à á , : Vo. 68
Bromus hirfutus ; : . JE . 8 | Convolvulus field " 4 24g
Chenopodium viride ; ‘ J - 16 | Cranes-bill doves-foot common 3 " «Ji 5e
Chenopodium album ; , , * 15 | Coltsfoot " : . ; . 60
Chenopodium polyfpermum . j ; - 17 | Campion red : , . - 32
Ceraftium vifcofum : . eo vu. BAD (Otay foot palecleaved . " ; : EP
Ceraftium femidecandrum MU ug A CAE Crowfoot wood s ; : Oy
Ceraftium vulgatum . . : - 34 | Crowfoot celery-leaved - ; " " ae
Convolvulus arvenfis $ * «+ 13 | Cleavers common : : . 2 4%
Chryfofplenium oppoftifolium : ; Jue Dead-nettle white : ; ; * 4g
Epilobium villofum : ; . 22 | Dock curled , , ; , ai a
Epilobium hirfutum ; ; A - 21 | Fumitory common . ‘ > Bigs
Epilobium angufttfolium : : - 24 | Foxtail-grafs field T. . " 2
Epilobium tetragonum . : : - 23 | Golden-Saxifrage common í A «27
Eryfimum Alliaria ; , ; - 49 | Ground-ivy : ; , - > 44
Erica cinerea ; : ; : - 25 | Goofefoot white v " | e Ig
Fumaria officinalis " ; - «52 | Goofefoot pru , i E.
Geum urbanum : " XN - 36 | Henbit . . . . . > + 46
Geranium molle : ; . . 5o | Hypnum filky ‘ . , » 69
Glechoma hederacea ; , ; - 44 | Hyacinth englifh & ; , ét IBS
Galium Aparine . V , - 9 | Heath fine-leaved à ‘ } - 25
Hypnum fericeum . ; ; - 69 | Medick hop : ^ " * $7
Hyacinthus non fcriptus . - . » I8 | Moufear Chickweed leaft " ‘ II
Juncus campeftris : : ; . Ig | Moufear-Chickweed common ‘ a "0 34
Lamium amplexicaule . . « — . 46 | Moufear-Chickweed broad-leaved : » 35
Lamiumalbum ^. . . , ; « 45 | Mofchatel tuberous à : , ‘ Sb3A 365
Lychnis dioica s , 00097 «© « « 32 | Meadow-grafs hard ; , 4 Uy
Lotus corniculatus : : á » 56 | Meadow-graís {mooth- ftalk’d ; : "E
Medicago lupulina à ° , , - 57 | Meadow-grafs rough-ftalk'd : i , xig
Mercurialis perennis : : * - 65 | Mercury dogs ‘ . d i enu 6s
Malva fylveftris " e ; - $1 | Mallow common . s E MET
Oxalis Acetofella ‘ à . - 31 | Mufhroom egg , e à e073
Orchis mafcula : . : : . - 62 | Mufhroom puckered . 4 " «72
Ofmunda Spicant : , . - 67 | Nightfhade garden . ; . . at ta
Poa rigida ; * a P - 4 | Orach fpear-leaved , * ; . 66
Poa prátenfis 4 ; s . «5 | Orchis early fpotted ‘ . - 62
Poa trivialis ; à : . . , - 6 | Pearlwort upright . ‘ - I2
Plantago major j . à . . - II | Pheafants-eye . " . à - 37
Plantago lanceolata i : ; : - » 10 | Podded-moufear : . ; * 49
Polytrichum fubrotundum ; i . 68 | Pilewort , : ' * 39
Poterium Sanguiforba : T a1 .. b4 qs onam natrow-leaved , à , nis cio
Ranunculus Ficaria ‘ : ; . 39 | Plantain common " = . Hut.
Ranunculus hirfutus : " - . 4o | Polytrichum dwarf . : . . 68
Ranunculus auricomus : 4 a - 4r | Rufh hairy field $ " * * 19
Ranunculus fceleratus " à $ F + 42 | Speedwell ivy-leaved " P I
Rumex crifpus - j . . 20 | Speedwell wall " . ‘ esr ee
Sonchus oleraceus ‘ " i . 58 | Sowthiftle common, , ‘ " « 58
Saxifraga tridactylites 1 " . . 28 | Saxifrage rue-leaved . "S E « 28
Sagina erecta i í " ' " » ^. 12 | Spleenwort rough à : : «67
Stellaria Holoftea : : 1 . 30 | Sauce-alone ‘ : , ^ . 48
Solanum nigrum ‘ à : ; 3 - 14 | Stichwort greater " , : o.
Saponaria DBicin di " E à ? « 29 Sopewort 3 " | - « 29
‘Trifolium ornithopodioides á . «53 Trefoil fubterraneous ; " " - 54
Trifolium fubterraneum n , - $4 | Trefoil birds-foot true « à 2.531
Trifolium fragiferum « . x - 55 | Trefoil ftrawberry . " ‘ X»
T'ufhlago Petafites t ^ : . 59 | Thyme wild à 4 MY SS Ae «| ae
Tuflilago Farfara " . " ^ 1 - 60 | Violet dogs ? . 1 « . 61
‘Thymus Setpyllum A : . 3 - 47 | Wood-Sorrel 1 e s * 9t
Veronica hederifolia " " . . 1 | Willow-herb large- ESOS sri x ; rae
Veronica arvenfis ; "p - . 2 | Willow-herb hoary ; mu
Veronica Becabunga " ^" s «3 | Willow-herb {quare-ftalk’ d: " » x «23
Viola canina : a i $ . 61 | Willow-herb rofebay * ‘ os 5 34
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VERONICA ARVENSIS WALL SPEEDWELL.
VERONICA Zisnei Gen. Pl. DiaNpRIA MoNOGYNIA.
Cor. limbo 4-partito, lacinià infimà anguftiore. Cap/ula bilocularis.
Raii Syn.Gen. 18. HERBE FRUCTU SICCO SINGULARI FLORE MONOPETALO.
VERONICA arvenfis floribus folitariis, folis cordatis incifis pedunculo longioribus. Lin yf. Vegetab.
f. 57 Sp. Pl. p./18.
VERONICA caule ere&o, foliis ovatis, fubhirfutis, dentatis ; petiolis breviffimis. Haller. hift. helv. n. 548,
VERONICA arvenjis.
Scopolt. Flor. Carmol. p. 18.
ALSINE veronicz foliis, flofculis cauliculis adherentibus. Baubm. Pin. 250.
ALSINE folis Veronica. Gerard. emac. 613.
ALSINE folis fubrotundis Veronica.
Parkinfon. 762.
VERONICA flofculis fingularibus cauliculis adhzerentibus. Raw Syn. f. 279, Speedwell Chickweed.
Ocder FL Dan. t. 515.
Hudfon Fl. Angl. 6. ed. 2. 6.
Lightfoot. Fl. Scot. 5. 75.
RADIX annua, fibrofa.
CAULIS palmaris, aut dodrantalis, erectus, plerum-
que.ramofus, fubinde fimplex, (rami alter-
natim oppofiti, adícendentes,) teres, purpuraf-
cens, undique hirfutus.
FOLIA inferiora petiolata, hirfuta, fubcordata, inferne
faepe purpurea, obtufa, planiufcula, incifa,
ur date Wen ie ?
: quinquenervia, fuperiora feffilia, fubtortuofa.
FLORES pedunculis breviffimis infidentes, fpicati,
bractzà lanceolata fuffulti.
CALYX: PrnrawTHIUM quadripartitum, — laciniis
ovato-lanceolatis, hirfutulis, hirfutie glandu-
lofà, duobus inferioribus duplo fere majoribus
et longioribus, fig. 1.
-^
COROLLA monopetala, fubrotata, coerulea, leviffimo
tactu decidua, tubus breviffimus, albus, lim-
bus quadripartitus, laciniis ovatis, infima an-
guftiore, jig. 2.
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA duo, alba, medio craffiora,
corolla dimidio breviora: ANTHER# fubcor-
datz, flavefcentes, fig. 3.
PISTILLUM: Germen obcordatum, compreflum,
vifcofum, bafi glandula cin&to : Sr Yrvs bre-
viffimus, albus, rectus: STIGMA craflum fub-
truncatum, jig. 4.
PERICARPIUM: CarsurA obcordata, comprefla,
pallide fufca, fig. 5, continens.
SEMINA circiter 14 ovata, compreffa, medio depreffa,
SB 6, /*
AS the Veronica agreftis grows chiefly in gardens
It flowers in April, and the feeds ripen in May.
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ROOT annual and fibrous.
STALK upright, from three to nine inches in height,
generally branched, now and then fimple,
(the branches alternately oppofite and afcend-
ut round, purplifh, and hirfute on every
ide.
LEAVES on the bottom of the ftalk ftanding on foot-
ftalks, hirfute, fomewhat heart-fhaped, often
purple on the under fide, obtufe, flattith,
notched on the edges, having five ribs, the
upper ones fefhle, and fomewhat twifted.
FLOWERS fitting on very fhort foot-ftalks, growing
in a fpike, fupported by a lanceolate floral-
leaf ;
CALYX: a Periantuium deeply divided into four
fegments, which are oval, lanceolate, and
hairy; (the hairs terminated with glands ;)
the two lowermoft almoft twice as large and
long as the others, fig. 1.
COROLLA monopetalous, and fomewhat wheel-fhaped,
of a blue colour, falling off on the leaft touch;
the tube very fhort and white; the limb deep-
ly divided into four fegments, which are oval,
the lower one narroweft, fig. 2.
STAMINA: two white Fir AMENTS thickeft in the
middle, half the length of the corolla: AN-
THERE fomewhat heart-fhaped, and yellowith,
Je. Be ——
PISTILLUM: GznMEN inverfely heart-fhaped, flat-
tened, and vifcous, furrounded at bottom by
a gland: SrvrE very fhort, white, and ftrait;
STIGMA thick, with an appearance of being
cut off, fig. 4.
SEED-VESSEL a heart-fhaped flattened CapsuLe,
ofa pale brown colour, fig. 8, containing of
SEEDS about fourteen, which are oval and flat, with
a depreffion in the middle, fig. 6, 7.
and cultivated ground, fo this fpecies, which is nearly
allied to it, is moft commonly found on walls, alfo in fallow fields, and on the borders of dry paftures.
The old botanifts, inattentive to the parts of fru&tification, diftinguifhed this and fome other fpecies of Veronica,
by the general name of Aine.
Students are apt, as we have before obferved, to confound it with the agreffis, from which it differs in many
refpe&s: the ftalk in particular is upright ; the flowers are nearly feffile; the feed-veflels are much fmaller, and
when ripe form a {pike.
It varies in fize from one to fix or eight inches: and on walls, the bottom leaves are frequently obferved
to be purple.
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VERONICA BECABUNGA | DROOKLIME.
VERONICA Limei Gen. Pl. DiaNpRIA MoNOoGYNIA:
Cor. limbo s-partito, lacinia infma anguftiore.
Raii Sym. Gen. 18. HERBH FRUCTU SICCO SINGULARI, FLORE MONOPETALO.
VERONICA Becabunga racemis lateralibus, folus ovatis planis, caule repente. Linn. Sy/. Vegetab. f. 37.
VERONICA foliis ovatis, ferratis, glabris, ex alis racemofa. Haller bif. m. 534.
VERONICA Becabunga. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. m 11.
ANAGALLIS aquatica minor folio fubrotundo.
ANAGALLIS aquatica vulgaris, five Becabunga.
Baubin pin. 252.
Parkinfon 1236.
ANAGALLIS five Becabunga. Gerard emac. 620.
VERONICA aquatica rotundifolia, Becabunga di&a minor. Rav Syn. 280, Common Brooklime.
Hudfon Fl. Angl. p. 4. Oeder Fl. Dan. Icon. 511.
RADIX perennis, fibrofa, fibris plurimis, capillaribus,
albis.
CAULES numerofi, repentes, teretes, leves, craffi,
fucculenti, rubentes, ramofi.
FOLIA ovato-obtufa, utrinque glabra, fubcarnofa, oppo-
fita, dentata, denticulis glandulà terminatis.
FLORES pulchre coerulei, ocello albo, racematim dif-
pofiti, racemis ex utraque alà prodeuntibus.
CALYX:PEnrANTHIUM quadripartitum, laciniis ovato-
acutis, levibus, corolla brevioribus, fig. 2.
COROLLA monopetala, fubrotata, coerulea, venis fa-
turatioribus ad bafin ftriatis, laciniis fubova-
tis, infima anguftiore, fig. 3.
STAMINA: FirLAMENTA duo, alba, medio craffiora :
ANTHERJ coerulefcentes: PoLLEN album,
fig. 7
PISTILLUM: Germen fubrotundum, didymum:
STYLUS apiceincraflatus, purpureus : STIGMA
capitatum, fig. 5.
PERICARPIUM: CarsurA fubrotunda, comprefia,
bilocularis, quadrivalvis, fig. 6.
SEMINA plurima, ovata, fufca, fg. 7, 8.
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ROOT perennial, fibrous, the fibres numerous, very
{mall and white.
STALKS numerous, creeping, round, fmooth, thick,
fucculent, of a reddifh colour, and branched.
LEAVES oval and obtufe, fmooth on both fides, fome-
what flefhy, oppofite, indented at the edges,
each little tooth terminated by a gland.
FLOWERS of a beautiful blue colour, with a white
eye, growing in racemi or branches which
proceed from the bofoms of the leaves on each
fide of the ftalk.
CALYX: a Pertanruivum divided into four fegments,
which are of an oval pointed fhape, {mooth,
and fhorter than the corolla, fig. 2.
COROLLA monopetalous, fomewhat weel-fhaped, of
a blue colour, ftriped at bottom with deeper
veins of the fame colour; the fegments nearly
oval; the lowermoft narrower than the others,
fü. 3.
STAMINA : two white FiLAMENTS, thickeft in the
middle: AwTHERnzx blueifh: the PoLtLen
white, fig. 4.
PISTILLUM : Germen roundifh, double: SryrE
thickeft at top and purple: SriGMA forming
a little head, fig. 5.
SEED-VESEL: a roundifh, flattened Capsute of
two cavities and four valves, fig. 6.
SEEDS feveral, oval and brown, fig. 7, 8»
BROOKLIME grows very commonly in brooks and muddy waters, whence its name, and flowers in June
and July. It is an officinal plant, and made ufe of in the fcorbutic juices of the London Difpenfatory, which
feems to be the only purpofe to which it is applied.
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POA Linnezi Gen. Pl. 'TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Raii Syn. Gen. 27. HERBE GRAMINIFOLIZ FLORE IMPERFECTO CULMIFERZ.
POA rigida panicula lanceolata fubramofa fecunda: ramulis alternis fecundis. Linn. Sy/t. Vegetab. b. 98.
GRAMEN panicula multiplici. Baubin. Pin. p. 35. |
GRAMEN exile duriufculum in muris et aridis proveniens. Razz Syn. 410, Small Hard Grafs.
GRAMEN ]loliaceum murorum duriufculum fpica erecta rigida. Hi/?. Oxon, III. 182. 1. 2. fig. 9.
GRAMEN minus duriufculum. Gerard.
GRAMEN arvenfe, filicina, duriore panicula, gracilius. Barrel. Ic. 49.
Scheuchz. Agroft. ed Haller. 5. 271. 1. 6. fig. 2. 3. fpicule tantum.
Hudfon Fl. Angl. p. 35. ed. 2. p. 42°
RADIX annua, paucis fibrillis inftructa, ROOT annual, and furnifhed with few fibres.
STALKS feveral, about four inches high, upright,
crooked at bottom, generally fimple, fmooth,
with two knots or joints.
CULMI plures, palmares, ereCü, ad bafin infracti,
plerumque fimplices, leaves, binodes.
LEAVES lanceolate, {mooth, the length of the fheath,
and nearly upright; Membrane at the bafe of
the leaf fhort, obtufe, and jagged at top;
Sheath {mooth, and very finely grooved.
FOLIA lanceolata, lavia, longitudine vaginz, fuberecta ;
Membrana brevis, obtufa, apice lacera; Vagina
levis, lineata.
PANICLE lanceolate, about an inch and a half long,
bent a little back, rigid, the fpiculz in fome
degree growing one way.
PANICULA lanceolata, fefquiuncialis, paululum re-
curvata, rigida, fubfecunda.
SPICULZE of a fhape betwixt linear and lanceolate,
containing for the moft part eight flowers,
pointed and flattifh fig. 1.
SPICULAZE lineari-lanceolate, fuboctoflore, acute,
fubcompreffe, jig. I. |
CALYX: a GruwE of two valves, the valves unequal
in length and fize, appearing roughifh when
viewed with a magnifier, fig. 2.
CALYX: Gruma bivalvis, valvule longitudine et
magnitudine inzquales, ad lentem fcabriuf-
cule, fig. 2.
COROLLA: GrvMa bivalvis, valvule fubzquales,
ovato-acute, marginibus membranaceis, fig. 3.
COROLLA: a GrvME of two valves, the valves near-
ly equal, of an oval pointed fhape, the edges
membranous, jig. 3.
STAMINA: three FizL AMEN TS, fine, the length of
the Corolle; AN THER yellow, very minute,
fhort, and forked at each end, fig. 4, 5.
STAMINA: FILAMENTA tria, capillaria. longitu-
dine Corolle: AwTHEm flavae, minim,
breves, utrinque furcatz, fig. 4, 5.
NECTARIES: two fmall Grvwrs of an oval pointed
fhape, the length of the Germen, vifible by the
help of a microfcope, jig. 6..
NECTARIA : GruwvrL due, ovato-acutz, longitu-
dine Germinis, ope microfcopii vifibiles, fig. 6.
PISTILLUM : GznwzN larger at top than at bottom:
SryLes two, branched down to the bot-
tom, fig. 7, 9.
SEEDS of an oval pointed fhape, convex on one fide,
and hollow on the other.
PISTILLUM: Germenturbinatum: Srvr: duo ad
bafin ufque ramofi, fig. 7, 8.
SEMINA ovato-acuta, hinc convexa, inde concava.
Neither Harter nor Scorott make any mention of this grafs. According to SCHEUCHZER, it is common
in Italy and France, in dry fields, and fometimes on walls: with us it is found more frequently on the lat-
ter; and though not fo common as fome of the graffes, yet it is to be found on moft of the walls about
London, in May and June.
In very dry and barren fituations, the ftalks fometimes are found fimple, the panicle alfo not branched, and
the fpicule, inftead of containing about eight flowers, which is the ufual number, have no more than three
or four: in this ftate ScuEucHzER makes another fpecies of it: this alteration, from an excefs or fcantinefs
of nourifhment, is what all plants are fubje& to; and no circumftance feems to have been lefs regarded by Bo-
tanifts—'To form fpecies or varieties from fuch a caufe, is to multiply plants without end. A compleat knowledge
ofa plant, is only to be attained by obferving it at the different periods of its growth, in all the various fitua-
tions in which it occurs—Information obtained from any other fource is not to be depended on.
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Poa pratensis. Suooru Sraukp Meapow Gaass
POA Linnai Gen. Pf TRIANDRIA Di6vN1Ai
"Cal. 2-valvis, multiflorus. Spicule ovate 5 valvulis margine fcariofis, acutiufculis.
Rai Syn. Gen. 27. HERE GRAMINIFOLIJE FLORE IMPERFECTO CULMIFERA, |
POA pratenfis Skates diffuta, fpiculis fábqüihquefloris, culmo ere&o levi, membrana foliorum obtufo.
| POA qrateifis panicula diffufa, fpiculis quinquefloris glabris, culmo crecto tereti, Linnei Sy. Vegetab. p. 97:
Flo Sügeic. 82.
POA pratenfix. Stopalt Fl. Carniol. p. 70. n. 100; Diagn. Pamicula diffuía rape 2-3 florz. , Glumis
ineequalibus, lanugine nulla.
POA panicula diffufa locuftis trifloris glabris. Haller bif. n. 1465. fecundum Scofoli,
GRAMEN pratenfe paniculatum medium. Ra Syn. 409, The greater or middle fort of Meadow Grafse
Baubin Pin. 2. pratenfe minus. Gerard 2. Parkinfon 1156s
ROOT perennial and creeping, eafily penetrating into
RADIX perennis, repens, intra terram. fiffurafque mu-
the earth and crevices of walls.
rorum facile penetrans.
STALKS generally about a foot high, upright, TRE
CULMI plerumque pedales, erecu, leves, vix mani-
{carce perceptibly ftriated.
fefte ftriati.
LEAVES fmooth, of a deep green colour, fometimes
blueifh, furnifhed with a /hort blunt mem-
brane, fe. TI
FOLIA levia, faturate viridia, fubinde plaid, mem-
brana brevi obtufa inftructa, fig.
PANICULA erecta, diffufa. PANICLE upright and f{preading.
SPICUL oval- pointed, generally with five flowers,
fometimes only two, flattened on each fide,
Sig. a.
CALYX a Griume of two valves, unequal, acumi-
nated and hollow, Sg. 3
SPICUL ovato-acutz, plerumque quinqueflorz; etiam |
biflorze, utrinque compreflz, jig. 1, 2.
CALYX: Giuma bivalvis, ‘Saba inzequalibus, acu-
mihatis, concavis, fig. 3
COROLLA: a GLUME of two valves, the valves near- .
ly equal ; the:one concave, with the keel ap- ©
pearing fomewhat rough if magnified ; the
other flattifh, fg. 4: in the bottom of the
calyx a flamentofe or wooly fubítance is ap-
. parent when the flowers are drawn. out of
it, figi9 35" s
- STAMINA: three Firaments, thread-like, longer
than the glumes: ANTHER# forked at each
end, jig. 6
PISTILLUM : Germen oval: STvrEs two, branched
down to the bottom, fe. 7
COROLLA : Grainne, bivalvis, valvulee fübzequales, at
tera concava, carina ad lentem vifa Ícabriuf-
cula, altera planiufcula, fig. 4; in fundo ca-
lycis lanugo obíervanda, evu/fa Uus Jig 2.5.
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA tria, capillaria, glumis lon-
giora: ANTHERJ utrinque bifurce, fig. 6
PISTILLUM : Germen ovatum: STYLI duo, ad bafin
ufque ramofi, jig. 7
NECTARY : two littl Grumes at the bafe of the
NECTARIUM: GrvwvuLEZ due ad bafin seems,
T germen, fig. 8, mgnified.
Jig. 9, au&.
SEMEN angulofum, acuminatum, bafilanugine inftruc-
SEED angular and pointed, at bottom wooly, of its
to, jig. g. nat. mag. fig. 10, auct.
natural fize, fig. 9 5 magnified, ffe; 10.
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THE Poa fpratenfis and Poa trivialis approach very near each other in their general appearance, fo much fo,
indeed, that the botanift who is intimately acquainted with them, cannot, if he fees them grow together,
diferiminate them at a little diftance ; ; and the characters from which modern botanifts have drawn their Ípe-
cific differences, have been ío vague and indeterminate, that the ftudent is never able to fatisfy himfelf whether
he has found the one or the other; yet there are not two grafles which afford more obvious or fatisfactory
marks of diftincion, The difficulty which I have experienced myfelf in the inveftigation of thefe two plants,
has made me exceedingly attentive to them ; and what I relate is the refult of repeated obfervations, joined
to a careful culture of them,
Thefe
Thefe graffes differ chiefly in the following particulars: the pratenfis is in every part perfectly fmooth ; while
in the ¢rrvialis the talk, leaves, fheaths of the leaves, and branches of the panicle, all feel rough if the plant
be drawn downward betwixt the thumb and finger: exclufive of this difference, which is a very good one for
a common obferver, in the zrzv/a//s the fheath of the leaf is flatter and more deeply fluted: nor do the roots
of thefe two plants differ lefs; the rivals being fimply fibrous; the pratenfis creeping, and fending out many
white fhoots: but what diftinguifhes them moft fully and moft infallibly, is the difference in the membrane
at the bottom of the leaf, where the fheath begins; this in the pratenis 1s very fhort and blunt; in the
trivialis it is long and pointed: and the beauty of this diftin&ion is, that it is obvious to the moft common
pbferver; nor did I ever know it fail me, let the grafs vary eyer fo much in fize and other particulars,
They differ alfo with refpe&t to the fize of the fpicule and the number of flowers contained in each : in the
frivigls they are either biflorous or triflorous; in the praef; they are moft commonly guingqueflorous. Such
are the moft obvious diftin@ions in the grafíes themfelves: other circumftances contribute to render them ftill
more fo. The pratenfis grows generally on walls; indeed there is not a wall in any of the villages around
town on which it may not be found in abundance: it very frequently occurs on dry banks, and oftentimes
in meadows. ‘The ¢rivialis is Ícarce ever found on walls, feldom' on dry banks; but moft frequently in moift
meadows, or the fides of ditches; fo that the one graís feems to delight in a dry, the other in a moift fituation,
‘They differ fomewhat alfo in the time of their flowering; the frafezfis flowering about the third week in May, the
trivialis the firft week in June: and there is this remarkable with refpe& to the flowering of the pratenfis, that after
it has flowered in the Spring, it fhews no difpofition to flower during the Summer; while the /r/vial/s is found in
bloom, though not generally, during the whole of the Summer. Added to this, there is a firmnefs in the ftalk of
the pratenfis not perceiyable in the zr/vialis, By an attention to thefe remarks, I truft the young botanift will acquire
a clear idea of them, without having recourfe to the pubefcence, &c. which, though laid fo much ftrefs on by
LiwN mus and Scororr, is by no means adequate to the diftinguifhing of them. Indeed it is difficult to know
vightly what they mean by /piculis bafi pubefcentibus, as no pubeicence is perceiyable in them outwardly: but if one
attempts to draw the flofcules out of the glumes of the calyx, we perceive a filamentofe appearance, which feems
to connect the florets and calyx together: but this appearance, which is indeed a very ftriking and fingular one,
and. which I have not yet obferved in any other grafles, takes place nearly in an equal degree in both: this fub-
ftance adheres to the feed when feparated, and caufes them to hang to one another as if there were cobwebs
among them ; fo thata perfon ignorant of the caufe, from an examination of fuch feed, might conclude it old and
good for nothing: this appearance is moft ftriking in the tripialis. Rav, whofe defcriptions always accord with
nature, and are taken from the moft obvious characters of the plant, mentions the roughnefs, (Culmi nonnibil'afperr:)
but the particular fhape of the membrane has not, that I know of, been noticed till now. |
The Poa pratenfis maay be confidered as a valuable grafs, and one of thofe which ought to enter into the
compofition of a good meadow or pafture: I fay compofition, becaufe I imagine every good meadow fhould be
compounded of a variety of grafies, each having peculiar and valuable properties. We are not to expect all that
can be wifhed in a meadowin one grafs; fome are calculated to produce food, and carry a beautiful verdure even
in the depth of winter: fome bring forth early fhoots, and make choice food. for cattle in the fpring:
fome produce a large quantity of fweet tender Jeayes at bottom; others by the weight and height of their ftalks,
and of their heads or panicles at top, encreafe the weight of the hay: fome fhoot ftrongly and produce a
large aftermath: fome give a more agreeable fmell to the hay. So that to have a good meadow, we fhould
have a variety of grafles; and if we may argue from analogy, a variety of food may alfo be more grateful to cattle.
The principal advantages of the Poa pratenfis are, that itis a fweet grafs, and eaten readily by cattle in
general: it carries its verdure in the winter better than moft others, and throws out young and numerous
fhoots in the fpring, fo as to make good {pring food. It produces a good crop of leaves at bottom, which
make exceeding fine hay, and is fit for cutting early in the fpring. ^ 1
There is aglaucous or. blueifh variety of this grafs occurs frequently in meadows: it varies alfo in the num-
ber of its flofcules, from three to five, or fometimes more: aslikewife in its fize : when growing on walls or dry
banks, it does not reach half the height which it does in fertile meadows.
Mj Zi e: ep
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FOLIA: Vacrna fubcompreffa, ftriata, fcabriufcula :
-
Poa TRIVIALIS. RoucHstraLK’> Meapow” Grass
3
POA Linnai Gen. Pl. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
| Cal, 2-valvis, multiflorus. Spicula ovata : valvulis margine fcariofis acutiufculis,
Raii Syn. Gen. 27. HERBE GRAMINIFOLIJE FLORE IMPERFECTO CULMIFERZX.
POA :rivial/s panicula diffufa, fpiculis fubtrifloris, culmo erecto fcabro, membraná foliorum acuminata.
POA #avalis panicula diffufa, fpiculis trifloris bafi pubefcentibus, culmo ere&o tereti Linnei Syff.
Vegetab. b. 97.
GRAMEN pratenfe paniculatum medium. Baubin pim. 5. Rait Syn. b. 409. m. 2.
POA Zrivialis. Scopoli FI. Carniol. 5. 69. s. 39. Diagn. Lanugo ad bafin petali exterioris.
POA panicula diffufa locuítis trifloris villofis. Haller bif. m. 1562. fecundum Scopoli.
GRAMEN pratenfe minus. Parkinfon 1156. Gerard emac. 2. Hudjon Fl. Angl. b. 33.
——_—_——— eee
RADIX fibrofa, capillacea. ROOT fibrous and capillary.
CULMUS ‘erectus, pedalis ad bipedalem, bafi repens,
unde perenne evadit hoe gramen, ftriatus,
Ícabriufculus, fzpe purpureus.
STALK upright, from one to two feet high, creeping
at bottom, whence this graís becomes peren-
nial, ftriated, rough, and often purple.
LEAVES: the SuEgATH flattith, ftriated, roughifh ;
the MEMBRANE at the bafe of the leaf /ozg,
and pointed, fig. 1 : the leaves themfelves long,
fomewhat rough, fhining underneath, and ten-
der.
MEMBRANA ad bafin foliorum longa, acuminata,
Jig. 15 folia ipfa longa, fcabriufcula, fubtus
nitida, tenera.
PANICULA erecta, diffufa. PANICLE upright and fpreading.
SPICULZE parve, biflorze, aut triflore, (fg. 2. 2. magn.
nat. fig. 3. 3. lente au&,) nonnunquam etiam
quadrifloree, ovato-acuminatz, fubcompreffa.
SPICUL fmall, containing two or three flowers,
(fig. 2. 2. of their natural fize, fig. 3. 3. mag-
nified) and fometimes even four flowers, of an
oval pointed fhape, and flattith.
GLUMLJE calycing bivalves, valvulis inzqualibus, a-
cuminatis, carinatis, carinà fcabrà, fig. 4. Si
glumz corollacez ex calycinis glumis extra-
hantur, lanugo (fig. 9,) confpiciatur, huic et
Poe pratenfi quoufque obfervavi propria.
GLUMES of the Calyx compofed of two valves, which
are unequal, pointed, and have the. keel, or
rib on the back, rough, fig. 4. If the glumes
of the corolla are drawn out of the glumes of
the calyx, a wooly fubftance (fg. 9,) is ob-
fervable, and which, as far as I have hitherto
noticed, is peculiar to this Grafs and the
Poa pratenfis.
GLUM® corollacez bivalves, valvulis fuübzqualibus,
GLUMES of the corolla of two valves, the valves nearly
acutis.
equal and pointed, fig. 3.
STAMINA: FrrAMENTA tria capillaria, glumis paulo
longiora, fig. 6: ANTHER# flave aut purpu-
raícentes, demum utrinque furcatz, Sig. 6.
STAMINA: three capillary Fit AMENS a little longer
than the glumes, fig. 6: AwTHERX yellow
or purplifh, finally becoming forked at each
end, fig. 6.
PISTILLUM: Geren very {mall and oval: SrvrEs
two, feathered almoft to the bottom, fig. 7.
PISTILLUM : Grrwen minimum, ovatum: Srvri
duo ad bafin fere plumofi, fig. 7.
NECTARIUM : Grumut@ due tenere ad bafin ger-
minis, fig. 8.
NECTARY : two little tender Guumes at the bottom
of the germen, fic. 8.
SEED oblong and pointed, angular, and furnifhed with
SEMEN oblongo acuminatum, angulofum, bafi lanu-
a woolly fubftance at bottom, ffe. 10.
. gine inftru&um, fg. 10.
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THE means of diftinguifhing this Grafs from the Poa pratenfis, (for which it is the moft liable to be miftaken)
with many other particulars relative to it, we have already given under the latter: confidered in an agricultural
light, it is certainly one of our beft grafles, both for hay and pafturage ; indeed a good meadow can fícarcely be
formed without it. Its chief quahties are, that it produces a large quantity of {weet tender leavés, which are
preferred by cattle to moft others, and which are convertible into exceeding fine hay. It is an early graís;
flowering about the beginning of. June. It does not bear the frofts of the Winter fo well, nor does it fhoot
fo early in the Spring as the Pow pratenfis; but when the weather comes to be fo warm as to make the graffes
in general fhoot, this grows fafter, and produces a greater crop of bottom leaves, (the moft defirable parts of graffes;)
thán moft others.
It grows bett in meadows that are tolerably moift : in dry paftures it is often found, but much fmaller
JA "e ips Àj ^ $
Hints relative to the Culture of the Graffes.
1i nme
When the advantages refulting to. the community from the introduction of Wheat, ‘Barley, Rye, Clover, Tares,
St. Foin, Trefail, Gc. many of which are natives of our own country, daily occur to us: when neither : pains
nor expence are fpared to improve our arable lands, it feems ftrange that fo little: care fhould:be taken 6f the
improvement of our meadows and paítures, which might doubtlefs be made to produce double or treble the crops
they already do, by the Judicious introduction of proper grafles. | Api
. If
If we éxamine our meadows, paftures, and downs, we fhall find them pretty much in a ftate of nature,
excepting thofe paftures which of later years have been fown with Rye Grafs and Clover, full of an indiferi-
minate mixture of plants, fome of which afford good, others bad food; fome good crops, others ícarce any
crops at all. That I may not be thought to fpeak at random on this matter, I fhall here mention a few
fats to corroborate what I have afférted.
My very worthy and much efteemed friend Tuomas Wurre, Eíq; with a view to the afcertaining the
produce of feveral downs and hilly paftures fed on by fheep, procured fromeach of the undermentioned different downs
and commons, in Hampíhire and Suffex, a turf which, though not larger than about fix inches in diameter,
and chofen as pure as any part of the pafturage, produced, on being planted in a garden, the following plants.
Turf from Selber Common. |
Narrow-leaved Plantain.
Turf from Glynd Hill.
Yellow Oat Grafs.
1 Plantago lanceolata. 4 Avena flavefcens.
2 Agroftis capillaris, Fine panicled Agrottis, 5 Feftuca duriufcula. Hard Fefcue Gratis.
3 Avena flavefcens. Yellow Oat Grafs. 6 — ovina. Sheeps Fefcue Grafs.
4 Dactylis glomeratus, Rough Cocksfoot Grafs, 7 Hieracium Pilofella. — Moute-ear Hawkweed
5 Feftuca duriufcula. Hard Fefcue Grafs. 8 Agroftis capillaris. Fine panicled Agroftis.
6 Poa annua. Common dwarf Poa. 9 Trifolium repens. Creeping or Dutch Clover,
7 Cynofurus criflatus. Crefted Dogs-tail. 1o Thymus Serpyllum, Wild ‘Thyme,
8 Trifolium repens. Creeping or Dutch Clover. .
9 Crepis teétorum. Smooth Succory Hawkweed. Turf from Short Heath,
10 Achillea Millefolium. Yarrow.
Barren Fefcue Grafs,
11 Galum verum. Yellow Ladies Bedftraw. 1 Feftuca bromeides.
12 Hypocheris radicata. Long-rooted Hawkweed, 2 Lira precox. Early Aira.
13 Hieracium Pilofella. ^ Moute-ear Chickweed. 3 juncus campeftris. Hairy Ruth.
14. Thymus Serpyllum. Wild Thyme, 4 Poa annua. Common dwarf Poa,
Acrofis capillaris. Fine panicled Agroftis,
Turf from Ozkhanger, 208 y ? ^ ^
Turf from Mount Cabron.
.1 Trifolium repens. Creeping or Dutch Clover.
2 Holcus lanatus. Meadow Soft Grafs. I Rumex acetofa. Common Sorrel Dock.
3 Poa annua. Common dwarf Poa. 2 Daucus carota. Wild Carrot.
4 Agrofiis capillaris. Fine panicled Agroftis. 3 Medicago lupulina. ^ Black-feeded Medick, Trefoil
5 paluftris. Marfh Agroftis. or Nonfuch.
4 Poterium fanguiforba. Burnet. |
Turf from Deortun, 5 Fefuca duriufcula. Hard Fefcue Grafs.
| 6 Avena flavefcens. Yellow Oat Grafs.
1 Ranunculus repens. Creeping Crowfoot. Turf & Ri Nie
2 Lolhum perenne. Ray Grafs or perennial Darnel. koe Po Dag GM ME d: a
3 Holcus lanas. Meadow foft Grafs. i Linum catharticum. Purging Flax,
4 Prunella vulgaris. Self-heal. 2 Scabiofa columbaria. Sheeps Scabious.
5 Fefuca duriufeula. ard Fefcue Grafs. 3 Ormithopus perpufilus. Bird’s-foot.
6 Agrofiis palufiris. Marth Agroftis. 4 Avena flavefcens. Yellow Oat Grafs.
7 Trifolium repens. Creeping or Dutch Clover. 5 Fefuca duriufcula. Hard Fefcue Grafs.
9 Crepis teétorum. Smooth Succory Hawkweed. 6 Trifolium repens. Creeping or Dutch Clover.
9 Achillea Millefolium. Yarrow. 7 Hypocherisradicata. | Long-rooted Hawkweed.
| 9 Crepis teétorum, Smooth Succory Hawkweed,
Turf from Glynd Hill, 9 Lotus corniculata. Bird's-foot Trefoil.
10 Juncus campeftris. airy Ruth.
i Medicago lupulina. Black-feeded Medick, Trefoil 11 Hieracium pilofella. Moufe-ear Hawkweed.
or Nonfuch. 12 Fefluca ovina. Sheeps Fefcue Grafs.
. 2 Achillea Millefolium. Yarrow. 13 Thymus Serpyllum. Wild Thyme.
3 Poa pratenfis. . Smooth-ftalk’d Meadow Grafs. 14 Poa pratenfis. Smooth-ftalk’d Meadow Grafs:
Thefe experiments prove that our downs and commons, which we in general confider as more free from
weeds than moft of our paftures, are altogether an aflemblage of different plants; and our meadows are much the
fame. It muft be allowed that there is a confiderable difference in them; one meadow, or tract of land, fhall
naturally contain a greater number of good graffes than another; another fhall produce little more than a mixture
of unprofitable weeds, fuch as Crowfoot, particularly the creeping fort, Docks, Sorrel, Thifles, Mallows, Yarrow,
Kuapweed, Nettles, Ragwort, Sc. moft of which having ftrong perennial or creeping roots, continue in the ground,
impoverifh it, and overun the few good grafles there are; fo that the ground 1s very little worth. If the ground
be manured, the unprofitable and noxious plants are thereby benefited as well asthe grafs ; for it is the extremity of
folly to fuppofe that manure fhall produce good plants if the roots or feeds of them were not in the ground before.
It muft be allowed, however, that if there be in the meadow any ftrong growing grafles, they may from manure
overtop and deftroy many annual plants, but not thofe above-mentioned, which with many others, will grow with
their growth and ftrengthen with their ftrength.
But it is not this kind of weed alone, which, perhaps, are the moft mifchievous; thefe being vifible and
known to the Farmer may be deftroyed; but at the fame time the ground may be overun with bad grafies,
which not being fo eafily diftinguifhed by the Farmer, cannot be fo readily deftroyed, Now grafles may be confidered
as bad on feveral accounts; they may, though good in themfelves, produce fo {mall a crop as to be worth little or
nothing, as the early and filver Hair Grafs and Wall Poa: they may, either from their ranknefs, roughnefs, or fome
other qualities not perceptible to us, be fuch as cattle are not fond of, as Cats-tail Grafs, Rough Cocks-foot and fome
others: they may die on the ground, and give the meadows a dead and difagreeable appearance in the winter, as
fome of the fpecies of Agroftis : or they may blow late in the fummer, and be not fit for cutting "till moft of the
good grafles are decayed and gone off: and thus a meadow may be filled with noxious plants as effectually as if they
were more. evidently. fo, |
Surely then it muft be worth the perfons while, who would wifh to lay down his land for meadow or pafture,
or improve what is already bad; to be at fome pains and expence about it, and fow it with as much caution as he
would to produce a crop of fine Wheat; the more fo, indeed, as when his land is once filled with good grafies,
it remains a good meadow, or good pafture for ever, which will always look pleafing, and if properly manured, and
the feafon prove not remarkably unfavourable, will each year produce a plentiful crop,
I have already obferved, in {peaking of the Poa pratenfis, that a good meadow muft confift ofa varicty of graffes,
which ought all to.come.into bloom nearly at the fame fime; and if the grafles be of the right kinds, they will
begin to blow, and the whole meadow be fit for mowing the laft week in^ May. The advantages of this early hay-
making are very confiderable; this part of the year is very often extremely favourable in point of weather to the
making of hay: it is not poftponed fo as to interfere with the harveft: cattle may be turned the fooner into the fields
to graze ; or another crop of hay be produced in good time for the fecond making.
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ArorEcuRus myosurowes. Fiecp Foxran Grass.
ALOPECURUS Linnei Gen. PL Trianpria Dicynia:
Cal 2-valvis. Core 1-valvis?
Rai Syn. Gen. 272 HERBE GRAMINIFOLLE FLORE IMPERFECTO CULMIFERA.
ALOPECURUS myofuroides {pica cylindrica longiffima, glumis glabris; culmo fubere&to. Hudjon Fi.
Angl, p. 23.
ALOPECURUS Agreftis culmo fpicato ere&o, glumislevibus. Lin. Sy/t. Vegetab. b 93. Sp. Pl. p2 89.
ALOPECURUS culmo ere&o, fpicato, calyce ciliato. Haller bif belv. ps 249.
GRAMEN - Typhoides fpica anguftiore. Bauhin Pim 4.
GRAMEN cum cauda muris purpurafcente. I. Baubin. 2. p. 473. .
GRAMEN fpicatum, fpica cylindracea tenuiffima longiore. Scheuch. Gram. 6o.
GRAMEN myofuroides majus, fpica longiore, ariftis rectis. — Ra Syn. p. 397, The greater Moufe-tail Grafs.
GRAMEN alopecuroides fpica longa majus et minus. Parkinfon 1169.
GRAMEN alopecuroides minus. Gerard emac.10. Lightfoot Fl. Scot. p. 91. Schreber. Gram. 140. f ty
Jig. 2.
RADIX annua, fibrofa, fufca. ROOT annual, fibrous, and brown.
STALK a foot high, upright, often crooked at bot-
tom, füiffifh, round, and jointed.; the joints
Ímooth and purple.
CULMUS pedalis, ere&us, bafi fzepe infra&us, rigidiuf-
culus, teres, geniculatus.
LEAVES about three inches long and two lines broad, .
Ímooth, ftriated, furnifhed at bottom with
an obtufe membrane.
FOLIA triuncialia, ad duas lineas lata, levia, ftriata,
bafi membrana obtufíà inftructa.
SPIKE long, flender, fomewhat cylindrical, and pur-
plith.
SPICUL uniflorous, of a pointed oval fhape, lying
clofely one over another in a fpike, externally~
roundifh, internally flat, fig. 1.
SPICA longa, tenuis, fubcylindracea, purpurafcens.
SPICULZE uniflore, ovato-acute, in fpicam imbrica-
tim congefte, externe convexule, interne
plane, fig. i.
CALYX: a GiumeE of two valves, containing one
flower ; the valves nearly equal, not termina-
ted by any fhort Arifta, ftrongly rib’d, and
Surrounded at bottom by a ring, fig. 2, 3. |
CALYX: GrvMa bivalvis, uniflora; valvule fubz-
quales, mutice, nervofe, baf annulo cinéier,
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COROLLA of one valve, the valve a little longer
than the calyx, membranous, and {mooth,
fg. 4, furnifhed with a ftraight Arifta, which
proceeds from the bafe of the valve, and is
nearly twice the length of the fpicula, fig. s.
COROLLA univalvis, valvulà calyce paulo longiore,
membranaceà, levi, jig. 4, Ariftà recta, e
bafi valvule exferta, fpiculà duplo fere lon-
giore inftru&a, fig. 5.
STAMINA: three FILAMENTS, very fine, upright,
twice the length of the valves of the calyx:
AwNTHERJE oblong, and forked at each end,
Sig. 6.
PISTILLUM: Germen very fmall, fe. 7: SrvrE
fhort, fwelled at bottom, fg. 8: STiGMATA
two, tapering, villous, bent back at top, fig. 9.
SEED one, very minute, enclofed by the corolla and
calyx, fig. 10.
STAMINA: FILAMENTA tria, capillaria, erecta, val-
vulis calycinis duplo longiora: ANTHERE
oblong, utrinque furcate, fig. 6.
PISTILLUM: Germen minimum, fg. 7: STYLUS
brevis, bafi tumidus, fg. 8: SriGMATA duo,
fetacea villofa apice reflexa, fig. 9.
SEMEN unicum, minimum, fubrotundum, corollz et
calyce obveftitum, fig. 10.
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THE Field Fostail Grafs, with refpect to agriculture, may be confidered rather as a weed than as an
ufeful pafture grafs. : Y E
It is very common in cultivated ground; and often abounds fo much in corn fields, as to be prejudicial,
among rubbifh, and on banks by the fides of fields, it is alfo frequently found; but {carce ever in meadows.
It flowers early, and continues to bloffom till Autumn ; and comes into bloom the quickeft, after being
fown, of any grafs that I have hitherto noticed. .
It is diftinguifhed from the other fpecies of the fame genus, by its long flender fpike, which tapers to
a point, and has fome refemblance to a moufes tail, whence J. Bavuine’s and Mr. Hupson’s names. This
{pike is generally of a purplifh colour, at leaft on that fide which is moft expofed to the fun; though
fometimes the whole fpike appears of a whitifh colour. The form of the fpike, and its place of growth, will, in
general, point out this fpecies plainly enough. But if thefe fhould be found deficient, the ftudent may have
recourfe to the annulus or ring, which furrounds the bafe of each fpicula, vid. fig. 3.
I have found this fpecies effected with the difeafe called Ergot, deferibed under the Flote Fefcue Grafs.
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BROMUS Linnai Gen. Pl. Trianpria Dicynia. !
Cal. 2-valvise Spicula oblonga, teres, difticha ; arifta infra apicem.
Rau Syn. Gem 27. GRAMINIFOLIJ FLORE IMPERFECTO CULMIFERA.
BROMUS Jirfutus panicula nutante fcabra, fpiculis teretibus fublinearibus decemfloris, arifüs rectis,
vaginis foliorum hirfutis.
BROMUS ramofus panicula nutante feabra, {piculis linearibus decemfloris, arifta longioribus, foliis
fcabris. Hudfon Fl. Angl. p. 40. |
BROMUS foliis hirfutis, per oras afperrimis, locuftis glabris, teretibus, novemfloris. Haller hift. n. 1 502.
BROMUS giganteus. Scopoli Flor. Carn. var. 2. villofa et major.
GRAMEN Avenaceum dumetorum panicula fparfa. Raii Sys. p. 415. Hf. Plant. f. i299. Buth
or Wood Oat-Grafs, with a fparfed panicle.
GRAMEN Avenaceum dumetorum paniculatum majus hirfutum. H. Ox. 3. 213. 27.
ROOT perennial, furnifhed with numerous, crooked,
yellowifh fibres. ;
STALK from three to fix feet high, or more, upright,
confifting generally of three joints, folid and
finely grooved.
LEAVES: the /Peatb ftriated, covered with numerous long
hairs, which are fomewhat rigid, and bend back-
wards : the Leaves themfelves a foot long, and
half an inch broad, befet with fewer and fhor-
ter hairs, and thofe chiefly at the edges and
midrib.
PANICLE a foot long, {preading, the branches grow-
ing two or three together, hanging down,
rough, and often crooked. |
SPICULAE generally growing two together, an inch
and a half long, flender, roundifh, ftraight,
{carcely hirfute, containing ten flowers, and
marked at the bafe with a pellucid ring, fig. 3.
pis Arista fhort, rough, and nearly ftraight,
fen
CALYX: a GruME of two valves, ig. 25 the valves
unequal; the larger one concave, and fhining
within, having three ribs, and terminating
in a fhort point, the ribs rough ; the fmaller '
one having only one rib, and a more tapering
point.
COROLLA: a GLumME of two valves, the valves une-
qual, the exterior one having three prominent
ribs, the middle one of which terminates in a
ftraightifh Arifta, fhorter than the Corolla;
the inner one flattith, edged with hairs, and
fhorter than the other, jig. 4, 5, 6.
NECTARY ; two little Guumzs at the bafe’ of the
Germen, fig. 8.
STAMINA: three FILAMENTs, very fine: ANTHERE
TN forked and yellow, jig. 7.
PISTILLUM: Germen fomewhat oval, naked at bot-
tom, at top villous: STvrLEs two, branched
RADIX perennis, plurimis fibris, flexuofis, flavefcen-
tibus inftructa.
CULMUS tripedalis, ad orgyalem aut etiam fupra,
erectus, tribus plerumque nodis articulatus,
folidus, ftriatus.
FOLIA: Vagina (trata, filis longis, crebris, rigidiufculis,
deorfum verfis hirfuta: Folia ipfa pedalia, fe-
muncialia, deflexa, ftriata, rarioribus et brevi-
oribus pilis ufque ad margines et mediam
coftam prazcipue donata.
PANICULA pedalis, fparfa, rami binati aut ternati,
patentes, nutantes, feabri, fepe flexuofi.
SPICUL plerumque bine, fefquiunciales, tenues, te-
retiu{culz, recte, vix hirfutzee, decemflore, ad
. bafin aunulo diaphano notate, fg. 3: ARIST#
breves, feabre, rectiufcule, fig. 1.
CALYX: Gruma bivalvis, fig. 2; valvulis inzequali-
bus, majore concava, interne nitida, trinerve,
mucronata, nervis {cabris, minore unicarinata
acuminata.
COROLLA: Gruma bivalvis, valvulis inzqualibus,
exteriore trinerve, mervis exftantibus, nervo
medio in Ariftam rectiufculam Corolla brevio-
rem definente, interiore planiufcula, ciliata,
breviore, fig. 4, 5, 6.
NECTARIUM GrvwvLAX duz ad bafin Germinis,
Da st
STAMINA : FILAMENTA tria, capillaria: ANTHERJE
bifurce, flave, fig. 7. 7
PISTILLUM : Germen fubovatum, bafi nudum, a-
pice villofum : Srvr1i duo, ufque ad bafin
ramofi, fig. 10. quite to the. bottom, fig. 10; |
SEMEN planiufculum, ariftatum, glumis adherenti- y SEED flattifh, terminated by an Arifta, the Glumes
bus, fig. 11, 12,013. adhering to it, fig. 11, I2, 13.
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THAT the plant here figured, is not the Bromus ramofus of Linnamus, I have learned from Dr. SoLANDER
and Mr. Banxs, whofe authority in this matter will not be controverted.
I have therefore called it Airfutus, from a with that à trivial name might be given it, which fhould not
only charaéterize the plant, but at the fame time, diftinguith it from a Grafs which is undoubtedly often
miftaken for it, as it frequently grows with it, is nearly of the fame height, and flowers about the fame
time: I mean the Bromus giganteus of Linn@us, figured by Scureser, the leaves and ftalks of which are.
perfedly fmootb.
C "phe Bromus hirfutus is the talleft of our Englifh. grafles, often exceeding fix feet in height, which renders,
it a very confpicuous grafs. The Feftuca elatior, and Bromus giganteus, will however often grow neatly as
high in particular fituations. .
It occurs in moft of our hedges in the environs of London, particularly about Hampfiead ; abundantly alfo
in Kent; and flowers in June and July.
Exclufive of its height before mentioned, it is diftinguifhed from all our other grafies by the hairinefs of its
ftalk, or rather the fheaths of the leaves which cover it; and this, fo far as I have hitherto obferved, is
an infallible criterion. ) |
It appears to be too coarfe a grafs to be cultivated for cattle ; and we do not learn that it has been ap-
plied to any other purpofes.
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GauuM a4PARINE. CLEAVERS o. Goose . Gnass.
GALIUM Line. Gen. Pl TetTRANDRIA MonoGyNia.
Cor. 1-petala, plana. Sem. 2, fubrotunda.
Rau Gen. 12. HERBA STELLATE.
GALIUM Aparine foliis o&onis lanceolatis, carinis fcabris retrorfum aculeatis, geniculis villofis, fru&ibus
hifpidis. — Lime: Syft. Vesetab. B. 127. Sp. Pl. 157. Flor. Suecic. p. 45.
GALIUM caule ferrato, folus fenis, linearibus, lanceolatis, ferratis, petiolis unifloris. Haller bif. belo,
GALIUM farine. Scopolt Fl. Carniol. n. 157.
APARINE vulgaris. Bauhin Pin. 334.
APARINE Gerard emac. 1122. Parkinfon 567. Raw Syn. f. 225, Cleavers or Goofe-Grafs. Hudfon
FL Angl. p. 57. Oeder Flor. Dam. icon. 495. Lightfoot Flor. Scot. p. 117.
/
ROOT annual, fibrous. | - 7
STALK quadrangular, the angles furnifhed with aculei
or prickles, which bend backward, weak,
brittle, andjointed ; the bottom of the joints
villous; very much branched, growing to four
feet or more high, climbing and adhering to
every plant near it.
BRANCHES oppofite.
LEAVES growing fix or eight together, of a fhape be-
twixt lanceolate and linear, terminating in a
point, rough on the upper fide, on the under
fide fmooth, the edge and midrib, or keel
rough, with fharp prickles bending back-
wards. |
FLOWERS few, fmall, and whitifh, fitting on rough
foot-ftalks.
CALYX wanting.
COROLLA very minute, monopetalous, wheel-fha-
ped, of a whitifh colour, divided into four
oval pointed fegments, jig. 1.
STAMINA : four fhort white FILAMENTS: ANTHE-
mu yellow, jig. 2.
PISTILLUM: Germen double, below the Corolla,
villous: SrvrEs two, fhorter than the Corol-
la: SriGMATA globular, fig. 4, 5, 6.
SEED-VESSEL: two dry globular BEnnR1Es, flightly
joined together, rough with prickles bending
! back at the point, fig. 7.
SEEDS fingle, fomewhat kidney fhaped, and large.
RADIX annua, fibrofa.
CAULIS tetragonus, angulis retrorfum aculeatis, de-
bilis, fragilis, geniculatus, bafi articulorum
villofus, ramofiffimus, ad quatuor et ultra pe-
des altus, proxima queque fcandens, adhe-
refceníque.
RAMI oppofiti.
FOLIA fena ad o&ona, lanceolato-ltnearia, mucronata,
fuperne fcabra, inferne glabra margine et ca-
rna retrorfum aculeatis.
FLORES pauci, parvi, albidi, petiolis fcabris infiden-
tes.
CALYX nullus.
COROLLA minima, monopetala, rotata, albida, qua-
dripartita, laciniis ovato-acutis, fig. 1.
STAMINA: FILAMENTA quatuor, brevia, alba:
ANTHERJ lutez, fig. 2.
PISTILLUM: Germen didymum, inferum, villo-
fum: Srvrr duo Corolla breviores: Stric-
MATA globofa, fig. 4, 5, 6.
PERICARPIUM : Bacc# dua, ficcz, globofz, coa-
lite, hifpide, aculeis recurvis, fig. 7.
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SEMINA folitaria, reniformia, magna.
THIS plant has moft probably obtained its name of Cleavers, from its cleaving or adhering to whatever it comes
in contaét with, which it is in a peculiar manner enabled to do, by its hooked prickles ; and that of Goofe-Gra/s
from its being a favourite food of Geefe:
It abounds in all cultivated ground, and by its quick growth, is apt to overpower many plants both in the
garden and field. Young quickfet hedges, in a particular manner, fhould be carefully freed from it. It is an
early blowing plant, and produces its feed from June to September.
Dioscorives obferves, that the fhepherds made ufe of 1t as a ftrainer to filter their milk through. |
If the accounts given of it, by writers on the Materia Medica, are to be depended on, it is not without
confiderable medicinal powers.
The expreffed juice of the feeds, ftalks, and leaves, are powerful againft the bites of vipers and fpiders; and
the fame dropt into the ears, cures the pain of them; Raz b/f. p. 494.
The herb mixed with lard, diffolves fcrophulous fwellings; zdem.
The tops are an ingredient in fpring broth, for purifying the blood; Rutty Mater. Med.
The feeds have been made ufe of by fome inftead of coffee; idem.
A ftrong decoétion of the herb, taken to the quantity of twelve ounces, morning and evening, has brought
away gravel in many cafes; zdem.
The root eaten by birds, has tinged their bones of a red colour, as in experiments made with madder ; ;dem.
A decoCtion of the plant has proved highly ferviceable in a fimple gonorrhea; D. Palmer apud Dale. —
Of late this plant has been much celebrated in fcrophulous and cancerous fores: but experiments carefully made
with it, in St. Thomas’s Hofpital, have not turned out in its favour. |
It is eaten by horfes, kine, fheep, and goats, but refufed by fwine; Lin. Aman. Acad.
'The Calyx in this fpecies, 1s certainly wanting.
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PLanTAGO LANCEOLATA. INARROW-LEAVED PLANTAIN ox
. Riswonr.
PLANTAGO Linnzi Gem Pl Terranpria Monocynia.
Cal. 4-fidus. Cer. 4-fida: limbo reflexo. Stamina longiffima. . Caps.
2-locularis, circumfcifía.
Rai Syn. Gen. 22. HERBE VASCULIFERJ, FLORE TETRAPETALO ANOMALZ.
PLANTAGO lanceolata foliis lanceolatis, fpica fubovata nuda, fcapo angulato. Linn. Sy. Vegetab. p. 131.
. PLANTAGO foliis lanceolatis quinquenerviis, fcapo nudo, fpica ovata. Haller bif. s. 656.
PLANTAGO lanceolata. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. b. 108. m. 163.
PLANTAGO anguftifolia major. Bauhin Pin. 189.
PLANTAGO quinquenervia. Gerard emac. 422.
_PLANTAGO quinquenervia major. Parkinfon 495. Ram Sym. b. 314, Ribwort or Ribwort-Plantain,
Hudfon Fl. Angl. p. $2. Oceder Fl, Dan. icon. 437.
: : : "m Fy
ROOT perennial, of a brown colour, furnifhed with
numerous fibres, when grown old appearing
as if bitten off; ^
LEAVES ftanding on long foot-ftalks, purple and
woolly at bottom, lanceolate, varying remarka-
bly in their breadth, having five fibs, and a
few tecth at the edges, fomewhat hairy, up-
right, but fometimes fpreading.
FLOWERING-STALK longer than the leaves, fim-
ple, angular and grooved, flightly twifted and
upright.
SPIKES of an oval oblong fhape and blackifh colour.
BRACTE or floral leaf, placed under each flofcule,
oval-pointed, and concave, fig. 1.
CALYX: a PrniANTHIUM of three unequal leaves,
the two fide ones boat-fhaped, and pointed,
fig. 33; the backleafoval, obtufe, emarginate,
fig: 2, and marked with two green lines.
COROLLA monopetalous, tubular, membranous, of
a form betwixt globular and cylindrical; the
limb quadripartite ; the fegments of an oval
, pointed fhape, and fpreading, on the removal
of the calyx turning back, jig. 4.
STAMINA: four very long FILAMENTS: ANTHERZ .
white or yellowith, ffe. 5.
PISTILLUM: Germewn oval: Styze filiform, half
the length of the ítamina: STIGMA fimple,
RADIX perennis, fufca, "rs mulüs.inftru&a, per
ctatem praemorfa.
FOLIA longe petiolata, bafi purpurea, lanuginofa, lan-
ceolata, quoad latitudinem infigniter variantia,
quinquenervia, rariter dentata, hirfutula, e-
recta, nonnunquam vero patentia.
SCAPUS folis longior, fimplex, fulcato-angulofus,.
fubtortuofus, erectus.
M
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
M
Y
Y
Y
SPICE ovato-oblongz, nigricantes. i
BRACT ZAZA fingulo flofculoimpofita, ovato-acuminata, Y
concava, fig. I. - i
CALYX: Prerranruiumtriphyllum, foliolis inequali- $
bus, duo lateralia cymbiformia, acuta, fig. 3, ¥
dorfale ovatum, obtufum, emarginatum, lineis i
duabus viridibus notatum, fig. 2. Y
COROLLA monopetala, tubulofa, membranacea, cy- :
lindraceo-globofa, limbus quadripartitus, la- y
ciniis ovato-acutis, patentibus, dempto calyce i
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
reflexis, fig. 4.
STAMINA: Firamenta quatuor longiffima: AN-
THERE albidz aut flavefcentes, jig. 5.
PISTILLUM : GERMEN ovatum: SrvrLvs filiformis,
ftaminibus dimidio brevior : ST1GM A fimplex,
fs. 6. : |
PERICARPI JM: CarsurLA ovata, bilocularis, cir-
cumfcifia, diffepimento libero, fg. 7, 8.
ies nb.
SEED - VESSEL : an oval CaPsuLE of two cavities,
dividing horizontally in the middle, the diffe-
pimentum or partition loofe, fg. 7, 8.
SEEDS two, oblong, fhining, of an amber colour,
convex on one fide and concave on the other,
JE: Dy 19, 11; ;
SEMINA duo, oblonga, nitida, fuccinei coloris, hinc
convexa inde concava, fig. 9, 10, II.
THE Farmers in general confider this fpecies of Planta as a favourite food of fheep, and other cattle, hence -
it is frequently recommended in the laying down of meadow and pafture land; and the feed is for that purpofe
kept in the’ fhops. How far the predilection of cattle for this herb is founded in truth we cannot at prefent
determine ; nor do we pretend to fay how far it is ceconomical (fuppofing the fact to be fo) to fubftitute this
plant in the room of others which produce a much greater crop, and which they fhéw no averfion to. We fhould
be rather inclined to think, that Plantain (or Rib-Grafs as it is called) fhould be but fparingly made ufe of,
particularly if the Farmers chief aim be a crop.
When the Plantain grows among pafturage, its leaves are drawn up to a confiderable height: but when
it occurs in a dry and barren foil, they are fhorter, broader, and more fpread on the ground; and fometimes
they aflume a filvery hue.
It grows fpontaneoufly by the fides of roads, and in dry paftures; flowering early in the fummer.
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PLAaANTAGO MAJOR. COMMON PLANTAIN
PLANTAGO Line. Gen. Pl. TeTRANDRIA Monocynia.
Raii Syn. Gen. 22. HERB VASCULIFERE FLORE TETRAPETALO ANOMALA.
PLANTAGO major foliis ovatis glabris, {capo tereti, fpica flofculis imbricatis. Lim. Syft. Vegetab. 5. 131.
Spec. Plant. b. 163. Fl. Suecic. n. 129. |
PLANTAGO folis petiolatis, ovatis, glabris; fpica cylindricas Haller. bif. Helv. n. 660.
PLANTAGO major. Scopoli. Fl. Carniol. n. 161.
PLANTAGO latifolia finuata. Baubin pin. 189.
PLANTAGO latifolia Ger. emac. 419.
PLANTAGO latifolia vulgaris. Parkinfon. 493. Raw Syn. 314. Great Plantain or Waybread. Hud-
Jon Fl. Angl. pe 51- ' Oeder. Fl. Dan. ic. 461. Lightfoot. Fl. Scot. p. 117.
ROOT when old the thicknefs of ones thumb, ftump-
ed, laying ftrong hold of the earth by its fibres,
which ftrike deeply intoit and areof a whitifh
colour.
LEAVES ftanding on footftalks, oval, having feven
ribs, footh, but fomewhat hairy when young,
' about four fingersin length, the edge minutely
and remotely indented. |
FOOT-STALKS oftheleaves long, convex on the
under fide, concave above, each forming a kind
of fheath at its bafe.
FLOWER-STALKS, round, upright, pubefcent, and
longer than the leaves. —
SPIKES cylindrical, long, furrounded on every fide
with flowers lying one over another.
BRACTEA lanceolate, and hollow, under each flower.
RADIX vetufta pollicaris, premorfa, plurimis fibris
. albidis alte demiffis, terram firmiter apprehen-
dens.
FOLIA petiolata premorfa, ovata, feptemnervia, glabra,
juniora vero hirfutula, palmaria, margine mi-
nutim remoteque dentata.
PETIOLI longi, fubtus convexi, fupra concavi, bafi
fubvaginati.
SCAPI teretes, erecti, pubefcentes, folus longiores.
SPICJE cylindrice, longe, floribus undique imbricate.
BRACTEA lanceolata, concava, fub fingulo flofculo.
jig. 1.
CALYX: a Perrantuium of four leaves, which are
oval, concave, obtufe, fmooth, nearly equal
and continuing. fig. 2.
COROLLA monopetalous, continuing, of a withered
appearance; 'TusE of a cylindrical globular
form, and fhort ; the SEG MEN Ts oval, pointed,
| and turned back. fig. 3.
STAMINA: FirAMEN S four, very {mall, fpreading,
much longer than the corolla; ANTHER# pur-
ple, bilocular, each cell terminating at bottom
in a point. fig. 4.
PISTILLUM: Germen oval; Srvrk filiform, fhorter
than the Stamina, villous; Sricma fimple.
EEG NU see
SEED-VESSEL: an oval CapsurE, dividing horizon-
tally in the middle, and containing about 20
unequal brown SEEDs. fig. 7. 9. 9. 10.
CM
(IE Y MA THIUM tetraphyllum, foliolis ovatis,
) concavis, obtufis, laevibus, fubzequalibus, per-
fiftentibus. fig. 2.
COROLLA monopetala, perfiftens, marcefcens ; TuBus
cylindrico-globofus, brevis, Jacimiis ovato-acu-
tis, ‘Tetlexis., 2-3
STAMINA: FILAMENT A quatuor, capillaria, patentia,
corollà multo longiora; ANTHER# purpurez,
biloculares, fingulo loculo bafi mucrone termi-
nato. fig. 4. 1
PISTILLUM : GznMEN ovatum; Srvrvs filiformis,
{taminibus brevior, villofus ; Srr¢ma fimplex.
ike 5 Or |
PERICARPIUM : CarsurA ovata, circumfciffa, fufca,
continens SEMINA circiter 20 inzequalia, fufca.
fig. 7. 8.9. 10.
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This fpecies of Plantain grows plentifully in Meadows, Gardens, and by the fides of Paths, and feems to flourifh
moft in places moderately trodden on, whence perhaps its name of Vay-bread.
enormous fize ; and in gardens we often find cultivated, a very fingu-
Plantago rofea of fome botanifts, or Rofe Plantain of the Gardeners, in
which fpread open fomewhat like a rofe.
In rich ground the leaves often grow to an
lar and monftrous variety of this plant, the
which the flowers appear to be converted into leaves,
Cattle in general appear very readily to eat the leaves, and the feeds are well known to afford food to many
of the {mall birds.
It ufed to be held in confiderable efteem as a Medicine of the vulnerary kind: In the pre
led water is fometimes made ufe of, and chiefly in ulcerations of the Mouth and Throat. By the common pec-
ple the leaves are often applied to frefh wounds, and burns. |
from the Plantago lanceolata, in which we conftantly find two
yet whatis very extraordinary,
fent practice the diftil-
It differs remarkably in the nümber of its feeds
large feeds ; but in this I have moft commonly found about twenty {mall ones;
Ray and Scoronr mention its having only two.
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SAGINA ERECTA. Urnicour PranLWwOnr.
SAGINA Linnzi Gen. Pi. TETRANDEEA TETRAGYNIA.
Cal. 4-phyllus. Petala 4. Caps. 1 locularis, 4 valvis, polyfperma
Raii Syn. Gen. 24. HERBE PENTAPETALJE VASCULIPERZ,
SAGINA ereéa caule ere&o fubunifloro. Linn Sy. Vegetab. p. 142. Sp. Pl. 5. 10s.
ALSINELLA foliis caryophylleis. Cat. Gifs. 47.
SAGINA fcapis unifloris. Guett. Stamp. p. 276. Dalib. Paris. f. 56.
ALSINE verna glabra. Magn. Mon/p. 14. Vaill. Paris, 6. t. 3+ fa. 2. Rau Sym fig. 4. t. 15. p. 344,
the leaft Stich-wort.
Hudfon. Fi. Angl. ed. 2. pr 73.
Lightfoot. Fl. Scot. p. 125.
RADIX annua, fimplex, fibrofa.
ROOT annual, fimple, and fibrous,
STALKS for the moft part feveral, expanded on the
earth, and afterwards rifing upright, from two
to three inches high, round, purplifh, fmooth,
jointed, fupporting from one to three flowers.
CAULES plerumque plures, fupra terram expanfi, af-
cendentes, bi aut triunciales, teretes, purpu-
rafcentes, laves, geniculati, uniflori, biflori
aut etiam triflori.
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LEAVES glaucous; the lower ones linear, feffile, ri-
gid, grooved; thofe on the ftalk uniting at
their bafe, often bent back, broader, and more
. pointed.
CALYX: a PERIANTHIUM of four leaves, permanent,
the leaves oval and pointed, upright, general-
ly clofed, membranous and whitifh on the
edges, fmooth and glaucous.
FOLIA glauca, inferiora linearia, feffilia, rigida, linea
longitudinah exarata, caulina connata, fepe
recurvata, latiora, magifque acuminata.
CALYX: PERIANTHIUM tetraphyllum, perfiftens, fo-
liolis ovato acuminatis, erectis, plerumque
claufis, margine membranaceis albidis, lavi-
bus, glaucis, fig. 1.
COROLLA: four Perazs fhorter than the calyx,
white, oblong, obtufe, fomewhat {triated,
and undivided at top, fig. 2. magnified.
COROLLA: Perara quatuor calyce breviora, alba,
oblonga, obtufa, fubftriata, apice indivifa,
SiR» 2, auct.
STAMINA : FILAMENTA quatuor, intra petala loca-
ta, petalis paulo breviora, fetacea : ANTHERE
fubrotundz, didyme, flavefcentes, fig. 3, 4.
STAMINA : four FrL AMENS placed between the pe-
tals, and a little fhorter than the petals, feta-
| ceous: ANTHER# roundifh, double, of a yel-
lowifh colour, fig. 3, 4..
PISTILLUM: GznMEN ovatum: Srvrvs breviffimus,
longitudine ftaminum: Stigmara quatuor,
villofa, reflexa, fig. 5, 6.
PISTILLUM : Geren oval: Styte vety fhort, the
length ofthe ftamina: SriíGMATA four, vil-
lous, and turning back, fir. 5. 6.
PERICARPIUM : CarsurA oblongo ovata, membra-
nacea, unilocularis, univalvis, calyce paulo lon-
gior, ore plerumque decemdentato, fig. 7, 9,
Jig. 8, au&.
PERICARPIUM : an oblong, oval, membranous C A»-
SULE, of one cavity and one valve, a little
longer than the calyx, the mouth opening ge-
nerally with ten teeth, Jig. 7, 9- fig. 8, magn.
SEEDS numerous, of an orange brown colour, fome-
what kidney-fhaped, and rough on the furface,
Vio NOs) hts
SEMINA plurima, e fufco aurantiaca; fubreniformia,
{cabra, fig. io, 11.
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IN treating of this little plant, we have been rather at at lofs whether to confider it as a new genus, or arrange
it with the Sagina of Linnazus: for though it agrees with the Sagiza in fome of its moft ftriking characters, fuch
as having a Calyx and Corolla each confifüng of four leaves, together with fourStamina and Piftilla, yet in its feed-
veffels, which probably Linnaus might not have feen in a perfect ftate, it greatly. refembles a Cerafiium; while
the whole plant, in its habit and glaucous appearance, approaches nearly to the Stellaria Holoffea. ‘As there are
- but few genera however, whofe {pecies do not vary confiderably in the parts of fru&ification, we have thought it
moft eligible to continue it a Sagina; efpecially asit retains thofe characters, which obvioufly diftinguifh it from
any of the Decandrous plants. |
We meet with it abundantly on moft of the Heaths about London, particularly on Black-heath. It flowers in
April, and ripens its feed in May. ‘The calyx never opens far, fo that the bloffoms are not fuffered fully to
expand. |
If the feafon prove dry, as hath been moft unufually the cafe this year, 1779, the ftalk is generally fimple; but
uf the ground be moift, it throws out many ftalks, which firft {pread on the earth, and afterwards become upright,
asis reprefented in the middle figure.
NOn MAD i AY m JAYATAS
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ConvoLvuLus ARVENSIS. Fikgt p CoNvorvurus.
CONVOLVULUS Linse; Gen. Pl. PENTANDRIA«MONOGYNIA.
] Cor. campanulata, plicata. Stigm. 2. Caps. 2-locularis : loculis
difpermis.
Rai Syn. Gen. 38. HERB FRUCTU SICCO SINGULARI FLORE MONOPETALO.
CONVOLVULUS arvenfis foliis fagittatis utrinque acutis, pedunculi$ fubunifloris. Lin. Sy. Veget.p. 168.
Sp. Pl. f. 218. Flore Suecic. f. 64.
CONVOLVULUS foliis fagittatis, latefcentibus, petiolis unifloris, füpulis remotis fagittatis. Haller.
| D Poo: en 664. | |
CONVOLVULUS arvenfis. Scopo; Fl Carn. n. 219.
CONVOLVULUS minor arvenfis. Bauhin. pin. 294.
CONVOLVULUS minor vulgaris, Parkinfon. 171.
SMILAX levis minor. Gerard emac. 861.
Raii Syn. p. 275, Small Bindweed.
Hudfon Fl. Angl. ed. x. p. 74. ed. 2. f. 88.
Lightfoot FJ. Scot. 5. 140.
" Oeder. Fl. Dan. icon. 459:
fe et ETE. n lE NA T eee
RADIX perennis, craffitudinis penne coracis, teres, ROOT perennial, the thicknefs of a crow quill, round,
albida, la&efcens, repens, vix extirpanda. white, milky, creeping fo as ícarce to be
eradicated. —
STALKS numerous, flender, twifted, procumbent,
branched, twining round, and often fuffocating
the plants growing near them.
LEAVES alternate, haftate, {mooth, running out into
two points behind. !
LEAF-STALKS fhorter than the leaves, on the lower
part convex, on the upper part channeled.
FLOWER-STALKS fupporting one, two, or three
flowers.
CALYX: a PznraNTHIUM deeply divided into five
fegments, minute and permanent, the leaves
oval and fomewhat blunt, ffe. r.
COROLLA monopetalous, bell-fhaped, {preading,
plaited, elegantly painted with red and white,
fometimes wholly white.
STAMINA: five FILAMENTs, tapering, white, about
half the length of the Corolla; Aw THERE
fomewhat arrow-fhaped, and white. fig. 3.
PISTILLUM : GerMmen roundifh, furrounded by a
gland; STYLE filiform, a little longer than
the Stamina; STIGMATA two, oblong, and
broadifh. fig. 4. 5. 6.
SEED-VESSEL: a roundifh, pointed CapsuvLe.
SEEDS angular, and brown.
CAULES plurimi, tenues, tortuofi, procumbentes,
ramofi, plantas vicinas contorquendo adfcen-
dentes et fzepe fuffocantes.
FOLIA alterna, haftata, levia, poftice acuté hamata.
PETIOLI folüs breviores, inferne convexi, fuperne
canaliculati.
PEDUNCULI uniflori, biflori aut triflori.
CALYX: PrniawTHIUM quinquepartitum, mini-
' -mum, perfiftens, foliolis ovatis, obtufiufcu-
lis, fig. 1.
COROLLA monopetala, campanulata, patens, plica-
ta, albo et rubro eleganter pitta, interdum
penitus alba, fig. 2.
STAMINA: FirLAMENTA quinque fubulata, alba,
Corollà dimidio breviora: ANTHER# fubfa-
: gittate, alba, fig. 3.
PISTILLUM : Geren fubrotundum, glandulà cinc-
tum: Srvrus filiformis, Staminibus paulo
longior: Sr1ieGMATA duo, oblonga, latiufcu-
la, fi. 44 $ 6
PERICARPIUM: Caesura fubrotunda, mucronata.
iz
x
|
SEMINA angulofa, fufca.
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BEAUTIFUL as this plant appears to the eye, experience proves it to have a moft pernicious tendency in
agriculture : the field of the flovenly farmer bears evident teftimony of this; nor is the garden wholly exempt
from its inroads. .
The following experiment may ferve to fhow what precaution is neceflary in the introduction of plants into a
garden, efpecially when we want them to grow in fome particular fituation.
Tempted by the lively appearance which I had often obferved fome banks to affume, from being covered with
the bloffoms of this Convolvulus, I planted twelve feet ofa bank, in my garden, which was about four feet in
height, with fome roots of it: it was early in the fpring, and the feafon was remarkably dry, fo that I fcarce ex-.
pected to fee them grow ; but a wet feafon coming on, {oon convinced me that my apprehenfions were unneceflary,
for they quickly covered the whole furface of the bank, to the almoft total extirpation of every other plant. It
being a generally received opinion, that if a plant was cut down clofe to the ground, it would thereby be de-
ftroyed, or at leaft very much weakened, I was determined to try the validity of this opinion by an experiment,
and accordingly, the whole of the Convolvulus was cut down fomewhat below the furface of the earth: in about a
month, the bank was covered with it thicker than before. I then had recourfe to a fecond cutting, and afterwards
to a third, but all thefe were infufficient ; for now at this prefent writing (Auguft) the bank is wholly covered
withit; nor do I expect to deftroy it, but by levelling the bank and deftroying its roots.
This éxperiment feems to determine a matter of no {mall confequence in agriculture, viz. that the cutting down
thefe plants which have creeping roots, rather tends to make them fpread farther than deftroy them; and that
nothing fhort of actual eradication, will effect the latter. ]
It is feldom that this plant is highly prejudicial to meadows, or paftures ; but many fields of corn are every year
deftroyed by it, or rendered of httle value.
It fowersin June and July. The bloffoms vary confiderably in their colour, being fometimes quite white,
but moft commonly painted more or lefs, with a lively red. :
Linnaus’s chara&er of this plant, pedunculis unifloris, does 1
frequently branched, and fupporting two or three flowers.
The leaves fometimes appear quite narrow, and the blofíoms have
vid. Ray's Synopfis, ed. 3, p. 276.
iot always hold good ; the flower-ftalks being
been obferved to be divided almoft to the bafe,
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PISTILLUM: Geren fübrotundum, viride fig. 6;
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SOLANUM NIGRUM. GARDEN NIGHTSHADE
SOLANUM Linnei Gem. Pl PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Cor. rotàta, Anthere fubcoalite, apice poro gemino dehifcentes, Bacca
E bilocularis.
Raii Sym Gem. 26. HERBE BACCITERG.
SOLANUM 1 US inermi vos. folus ovatis dentato-angulatis, racemis diftichis nutantibus,
mnei Syft. Vesetab. 5. 184. SP, bL. s. 266. Fl. fuecic. 5. 71. Haller. bifl. v, I, f. - 4. 676,
. SOLANUM UAE Fi. Carnal apos ^ um i SMS
SOLANUM officinarum. Baubin pin. p. 166. :
SOLANUM vulgare. Parkinfon. 346
SOLANUM hortenfe, Ger.” emac. 330.
Rau Syn. 254. Hudfon, Pl. angl. p. 78. Oeder. Dan. 460.
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The whole plant when bruifed fmells very difagreeably,
ROOT annual, branched, and whitifh.
STALK from one foot to two feet high, very much
: branched, fomewhat angular from the leaves
folidus, ad geniculos paululum incraffatus, running down the ftalk, roughifh, folid, fome-
obfcure viridis, feu ex viridi purpureus prefer- what fwelled at the joints, of a dirty green,
"Tota planta contufa tetrum odorem {pirat. i
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RADIX annua, ramofa, albida.
CAULIS pedalis aut bipedalis, ramofiffimus, fubangu-
lofus ex foliis decurrentibus, {cabriufculus,
at bottom and at the joints.
BRANCHES alternate, like.the ftalk.
LEAVES alternate, ftanding on long footftalks, flight-
ly running down the ftalk, of an oval pointed ©
fhape, angularly indented, with a fof ha; rinefs.
FLOWERS growing in a kind of Umbell ;Foorstarx
of the flowers fpreading, and arifing from the
middle of the joint. |
CALYX:aPrniANTHIUM divided into five fegments,
which are oval, continuing, and when the fruit
is ripe, turning fomewhat back. jig. r.
COROLLA monopetalous, fomewhat wheel-fhaped, of
a white colour, the fegments oval and pointed.
RAMI alterni, cauli fimiles.
FOLIA alterna, longe petiolata, fübdecurrentia, ovato-
acuta, angulofo-dentata, hirfutie molli,
FLORES fubumbellati; Perrorvs patens ex intermedyo
nodorum.
CALYX: PERIANTHIUM quinquepartitum, foliolis o-
vatis perfiftentibus, fructibus maturis paululum
reflexis, fig. i.
COROLLA monopetala, fubrotata, alba, laciniis ovato
acutis. fig. 3.
gigs ds
STAMINA : five very fhort white hairy Finamen His.
Jit. 4. ANTHERE oblong, yellow, fomewhat
united, of two cavities, each having a hole at
the top. fig. s.
PISTILLUM: Germen roundifh, and green jig. 65
STYLE tapering, green, the lower part villous;
STIGMA roundifh. frs. 8.
STAMINA: FILAMENTA quinque breviffima, villofa,
alba fig. 4: ANTHERJE oblongz, flavz, fub-
coalite, bilocülaris, loculis apice perforatis.
STYLUS fubulatus, viridis, parte inferiore villofa
fg. 73 Sticma fubrotundum. jig. 8.
PERICARPIUM: Bacca rotunda, primum viridis Y SEED-V-ESSEL: a round berry, firft green aud after-
demum nigra, bilocularis fig. 9. wards black, of two cavities. Sigs 9.
SEMINA. plurima, reniformia, flavefcentia. Jig. 10. SEEDS feveral, kidney fhaped and yellowith. fg. 10.
In the year 1757, Mt. Garaxnr, Surgeon to the Weftminfter Hofpital, publifhed a treatife on the internal ufe
of Solanum, or Nigbifhades from an apprehenfion that he had difcovered a medicine which, under certain regulations,
might with perfe& fafety be given; and, as he imagined, with great benefit to mankind in many difeafes, where
the medical practitioner could do little more than {ympathize with his diftreffed patients.
He was induced to make fome experiments with the Nighifbades, from reading an account of a cancerous cafe
cured by the infufion of deadly Nightfhade; but not being able at that particular feafon of the year, to procure the
deadly Nightthade, he was obliged to make ufe of the dried leaves of the Solanum nigrum, or Garden Nighifbade, here
figured, which he found to be very powerful in its operation; even fo {mall a quantity as one grain weight of the
leaf, infufed in about an ounce of boihng water, would fometimes produce a very confiderable effe& : but two or
three grains feldom fail'd either to vomit, purge, or fweat the patient moderately, or to increafe the quantity of urine.
It fometimes occafioned a head-ach, giddinefs, dimnefs, and drowfinefs; but its moft common effects were a heat or
warmth diffufed over the whole body a few hours after taking the medicine, a plentiful fweat fucceeding this heat, and
a gentle purging the next day : if a fweat did not break out, an extraordinary difcharge of urine was the confequence,
which was fometimes followed likewife by a purging : one or more of the natural evacuations were almoft always
increafed, After premifing this general account of the action of the medicine, he proceeds to enumerate feveral cafes
in which this medicine appeared to him to be efficacious : the principal of thefe were, two cafes of a cancerous
nature ;—a large ill-conditioned fore of long ftanding in the leg, attended with fever and inflamation—a violent bruife
on the loins and hips ;—a {welling, and feveral painful fores on one leg ;—feveral ferofülous fores in the thigh and
foot ;—the body covered with fcorbutic eruptions ;—a malignant corroding ulcer in the back part of the throat ;—two
cafes of Dropfy ;—in feveral cancerous cafes where it was made ufz of, very little advantage was reaped. In moft
of the above cafes, the garden Nighifhade was made ufe of, between which and the deadly, he found, as to their
effects, very little difference: he found the medicine to a& differently on different conftitutions; and it was his
practice to begin with half a grain of the dried leafin infufion, increafing the dofe according to its effects, and re-
péating it every fecond or third night.
*
He remarks that the Solanum nierum was formerly in ufe for many difeafes; yet there were fome who decried the
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-ufe of it internally: and Weprer gives an account of three Children poifoned by it: neverthelefs fome authors
mention it as ufed in food. But furely ifan infufion of a few grains of this plant be capable of producing fuch vi-
olent effects on the human body, thofe authors muft have been miftaken. |
About the fame time, fome experiments were alío made by Mr. Bromrietp, Surgeon toSt. Georges and the
Lock Hofpitals ; and as the one author feems to have written prejudiced in favour of the Medicine, fo the other feems
to have had his prejudices againft it; for we find the experiments of the latter differing widely from thofe of the for-
mer. According to Mr. Bromrigtp, the fymptoms were not only not relieved, but new ones were often brought
on, and the patients health rather injured than benefited. In the feveral cafes of inflamation, ulcers, &e. where
this medicine had been given, it often occafioned pains inthe fores, naufea, complaints of the head, temporary lofs
of fight, delirium, violent vomitings, gripings and purgings, and even death itfelf to one perfon under his own in-
{peCtion ; though the dofe of the garden Nightfhade did not exceed one grain at a time. ANE.
After giving this account, we fhall leave it to our readers to determine with what propriety it is difregarded in
the prefent practice ; and would juft remark, that from the apparently inconteftible proofs of its deleterious qualities,
perfons cannot be too nice in fele@ting their Pot-herbs, particularly thofe who make a practice of gathering from
Dunghills and Gardens, a {pecies of Orach, by fome called Fat-hen, by others Lambs-quarters, &c. as there is fome
diftant fimilitude betwixt the two plants, and their places of growth are the fame.
The figure and defcription above given, will enable any one to diftinguifh this plant. . It is an annual, flowering
in July, and producing its black berries in Autumn, which moft probably are alfo poionous. Jt varies in fize as
well asin the hairinefs of its leaves ; and the manner of the flowers growing from the middle ofeach joint is both
fingular and curious.
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LCILOfI T
CHENOPODIUM ALBUM. wHITE Gooszroor
CHENOPODIUM Lin. Gen. PL. PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Cal. 5 phyllus, 5 gonus.
Cor. o. Sem. 1, lenticulare, fuperum.
Rair. Syn. Gens §, HERBE FLORE IMPERFECTO SEU STAMINEO VEL APETALO POTIUS.
CHENOPODIUM album foliis rhomboideo-triangularibus erofis poftice integris, fummis oblongis, racemis
erectis, Lin, Sy/t. Vegetab. b. 216. Spec. Plant. b. 319. PÀ Suecic. b. 79.
CHENOPODIUM foliis fubtus farinofis, rhomboideis, dentatis, fuperioribus integerrimis. Ha//er.
bif. ms 1579.
CHENOPODIUM fylveftre opuli folio, Vaillant, Paris. 36. t. ^. fig. t,
BLITUM Atriplex fylveftris di@um. Rais Sym. p. 154. Common wild Orache:
ATRIPLEX folio finuato catidicante. Bau. pin. 119.
ATRIPLEX fylveftris vulgatior finuata major. Parkinfon. 748.
ATRIPLEX vulgaris Ger. emac. 326. Hudfon. Fl. Angl B. gt. Lightfoot. Flor. Stot. p. 148.
ROOT annual, fibrous and white. |
STALK upright, from one to three feet high, flightly
crooked; fomewhat angular and ftriated, folid,
branched, ímooth, fometimes of a purplifh
| colour. Brancues alternate. n
LEAVES of a triangular rhomboid figure, deeply and
irregularly indented, intire behind, fig. 7. of
a blueifh green colour, plentifully covered par-
ticularly on the under fide with a mealy pow-
der, the uppermoft leaves oblong, lefs deeply
x .. indehted or even entire.
RACEMI axillary, upright, forming a {pike of flowers
growing in little balls or clufters.
CALYX: aPznriANTHIUM of five leaves: and conti-
nuing, the fegments oval, hollow, membra-
hous at the edges and powdery fet. teen
. on the back part, and magnified,
COROLLA wanting. .
STAMINA : five white tapering Fir AMENTS oppofite
to and a little longer than the leaves of the
Calyx; AwTHERA compofed of two roundifh
yellow cells. fig. 2.
PISTILLUM : GERMEN orbicular: Jis i34. Sexes
fhort, divided in two; SriGMATA obtufe.
RADIX annua, fibrofa, alba.
CAULIS erectus, pedalis ad tripedalem, parum flex-
uofus, fubangulofus et ftriatus, folidus, ramo-
fus, levis, fubinde purpurafcens. Ram al-
terni,
FOLIA rhomboideo-triangularia, erofa, poftice integra,
fig. 7. glauco-viridia, fubtus prafertim fa-
rina copiofe adfperfa, fummis oblongis minus
profunde dentatis, aut etiam integris.
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RACEMI axillares, erecti, fpicati, floribus glomeratim
difpofitis.
CALYX PznzrawTHIUM pentaphyllum, perfiftens, fo-
liolis ovatis, concavis, margine membrana-
ceis, pulverulentis fg. 1. poftice vifum. auc.
COROLLA nulla.
STAMINA : FILAMENTA quingue, fubulata, alba, ca-
lycis folis oppofita et paulo longiora; An-
THERJE fubrotundz, didyme, flavae. fig. 2.
PISTILLUM : GERMEN orbiculatum 3 fig. 3; STYLUS
brevis, bipartitus ; Sriemara obtufa. fig. 4.
Jig. 4.
SEED one, lens-fhaped, fmooth and of a chefnut co-
SEMEN unicum, lenticulare, leve, caftancum. fie. 6.
lour. jigs 6.
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If any plants ftand in need of figures to illuftrate them, rather than deferiptions, it is furely the different fpecies
of Chenopodium and Atriplex. | | ! ;
By figuring the outline of the leaf of any of thefe plants, we convey to the moft tranfient obferver, a perfe&
idea of its fhape, without that ambiguity which muít ever attend the defeription of leaves fo irregularly formed,
Ío variable, and fo difficult of definition. ru
Befides figures, thefe plants feem alfo to require every other kind of elucidation; and if the altering and fixing
difün& englith names to different Genera, be in any cafe juftifiable, it muft be here, where three different Genera
are called indifcriminately by the names of Orach, Goofefoot, and Blite. Y have therefore prefumed to call the Genus
CurENoPODIUM Goofefoot, and propofe confining the term Orach to ATRiPLEX, and Amaranth to AMARAN THUS;
the term Blite, by which a fpecies of the laft mentioned Genus has been called, feems moft applicable to the
genus Brrvuw. | | |
The Chnopodium album is the moft common with us of the whole genus; it occurs in every Garden, flourifhes on
every Dunghill, and abounds in moft of our Corn-fields. To the Gardener it is aquick growing troublefome Weed ;
to the Farmer it is an injurious one, and generally introduced into his fields by that flovenly practice of fuffering
every kind of weed to feed on his Dung-heap.
Like the other fpecies of this Genus, it varies exceedingly in its appearance when young, and when in its feed-
ing ftate. Indeed all thefe plants require that the ftudent fhould notice them from the earlieft to the lateft periods
of their growth; or he never can attain a perfect knowledge of them.
It is whiter in its whole appearance than moft of the Chenopodiums; the leaves being more generally covered
with thofe pellucid particles reflembling meal, which are characteriftic of thefe Genera.
Mr. Licurroor noticed its being eaten as a Pot-herb in fome parts of Scotland.
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CHENOPODIUM VIRIDE. PunprEjomrED Gooszroor.
CHENOPODIUM. Linnai Gen. Pl. PENTANDRIA Dicyrnta.
Rau Syn. Gen. 5. HERB FLORE IMPERFECTO, SEU STAMINEO, VEL APETA-
LO POTIUS,
CHENOPODIUM viride folis rhomboideis dentato-finuatis, racemis ramofis fubfoliatis. | L/umei
Syft. Vegetab. p. 216. Sp. Pl. 319. Flora Suecic. pi 79.
CHENOPODIUM folis rhomboideis, dentatis, itbtus 3ncanis. Haller. bf. Pelo. op 12075. n. Eoo:
CHENOPODIUM uride Scopoli Fl. Carniol. s. 280.
Hudfon Fl. Angl. p. 91.
Lightfoot Flora Scot. p. 149. n. 6.
I have been cautious in referring to the fynonyma of authors on this plant, feeing they differ fo much
in their opinions refpecting it; and have rather wifhed that the plate here given, might.Ííerve as a recon-
ciliatory reference. Linnavus and Hater both feem to doubt its being a’ fpecies diftin& from the album,
and it muft be confefled there is a great fimilarity betwixt them; yet if my obfervations are juft, there is
every reafon to confider them as two plants perfectly diftinct. . |
They agree in this, that they are both annual plants, both grow in the fame foil and fituations, are nearly
alike in their fize and habit, and both flower about the fame time; and yet they differ in many refpetts
very effentially. That which in a more ftriking manner diftinguifhes the wide from the album, is the gteener
appearance of the whole plant, the bright red colour at the angles of the joints, which is confiant, and the
fhape of the leaf, fig. 1, which is always much longer than that of the album. The album is loaded with an
appearance of meal, whic gives it its white colour; the viride, though not deftitute of it, has it not in that |
profufion. When the feed are ia the tops of the ftalks, in the wide, are more apt to hang down; the
parts of the frudtification, jig. 1, 3, 4, 5, are very fimilar, but ímaller; and the calyx is not quite fo much
covered with httle globules: the feeds of each differs very confiderably, and affords a very curious and fatif-
fa&ory diftinétion: in the album it is WW Ímooth, glaber; in the viride it is {maller, and reticulated with
impreffed dots, reticulatus punétis impreffis, fig. 6
Like fome of the other fpecies of this Genus it is eaten as a pot-herb.
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CHENOPODIUM PorvspeERMUM. ALL-SEED -
CHENOPODIUM Linnei Gen. Pl PrwTANDRIA Dieynta.
Cal. 5-phyllus, s-gonus. Cor. o. Sem. 1. lenticulare, fuperum.
Raii Syn. Gen. 5. HERBEFLOREIMPERFECTO SEU STAMINEO(VEL APETALOPOTIUS.)
CHENOPODIUM Poly/permum folis integerrimis ovatis, caule ere&o, calycibus fructus patulis.
CHENOPODIUM Poly/permum foliis integerrimis ovatis, caule decumbente, cymis dichotomis aphyllis
axillaribus. Lin, Syf. Vegetab. p. 216. Spec. Plant. 5. 231. FL Suecic. p. 80.
CHENOPODIUM caule ere&o, folis ovatisintegris. Haller Diff. helv. p. 266.
CHENOPODIUM Poly/permum. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. m 279.
BLITUM polyfpermon a feminis copia. Bauhin pin. 118.
Gerard emac. 22%,
Parkinfon 753.
CHENOPODIUM Bete folio. Inf. R. H. 506.
Rai Syn. p. 157.
Upright Blite, or. All-feed.
Lightfoot F]. Scot. p. 150.
Huydfon Fl. Angl. ed. 1. p. 92. ed. 2. p. 107.
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RADIX annua, fibrofa, rubefcens.
CAULIS plerumque fuberectus, pedalis aut bipedalis,
tetragonus, levis; Rami diffufi, longiffimi,
cauh fimiles
FOLIA petiolata, ovata, integerrima, levia, margine
venifque rubro fzepe tinctis.
FLORES axillares, fubcymofi, Cymis dichotomis, a-
phyllis.
CALYX: PERIANTHIUM pentaphyllum, concavum,
perfiftens, laciniis ovatis, viridibus, fig. 1.
COROLLA nulla.
STAMINA: FrrAMENTA quinque bafi latiora, alba,
demiffo polline Calyce longiora; Aw THERE
fubrotundz, didymz, flava, fig. 2.
PISTILLUM : Germen orbiculatum ; STYrvs biparti-
tus, breviflimus ; SricmaTa obtufa, fig. 3, 4.
PERICARPIUM nullum.
SEMEN orbiculatum, rufum, Calyci patulo innixum,
non vero inclufum, fig. 5.
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ROOT annual, fibrous, and reddifh.
STALK in general nearly upright, about a foot or two
in height, four-cornered and fmooth ; Bran-
CHES far extended, and like the ftalk,
LEAVES ftanding on foot-ftalks, oval, entire atthe
edges, fmooth, the margin and veins often
tinged with red.
FLOWERS axillary, forming a kind of Cyma, which
divides into two at bottom, and is leaflefs.
CALYX: a PErtanrutivum of five leaves, concave and
permanent, the fegmentsovalandgreen, fig. 1.
COROLLA wanting.
STAMINA: five Firaments, broadeft at the bafe,
of a white colour; the Pollen being thrown
out, they become longer than the Calyx:
ANTHERZ toundith, double, and yellow, fiz. 2.
PISTILLUM : GEnMEN orbicular : SrvrE divided into
two, very fhort: SriGMATA blunt, fig.3, 4.
SEED-VESSEL wanting.
SEED orbicular, reddifh brown, fupported by the Ca-
lyx, which fpreads open, and does not cover
it; oR
AL'UTHOUGH there are many of the Chenopodiums which are not to be diftinguifhed without much care
and attention, yet fome are very eafily made out, of which number is the prefent fpecies.
Its fquare ftalk, which is generally of a bright red colour, its long extended branches, and its reddifh
feeds, which are numerous and ftrikingly vifible, from being only in part covered with the calyx, render
this plant fufficiently obvious.
Jt is not uncommon in, gardens and on dunghills, flowers in July and Auguft. To the gardener it is a
troublefome annual, but fcarcely injurious to the farmer.
Pifh are faid to be fond of it, Liz. Fl. Suecic. ex Loes, when thrown into fifh ponds.
End i
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Hyacintuus NON SCRIPTUS. ENGLISH Hyacintu. |
HYACINTHUS Lei Gen. Pl, HEXANDRIA Monocynia.
Cor. campanulata: pori 3 melliferi germinis.
Rai Syn. Gen. 26. HERB RADICE non PREDIT &.
HYACINTHUS zon fcriptus corollis campanulatis, fexpartitis, apice revolutis. Lin. Sy/. Veget. p. 276.
HYACINTHUS oblongo flore coeruleus major. Baubin Pin. 43.
HYACINTHUS anglicus. Gerard. emac. 111.
HYACINTHUS anglicus belgicus vel hifpanicus. Parkinfon, Parad. 122. Raii Sym. p. 373, Englifh
Hyacinth, or Hare-bells.
HYACINTHUS zon fcriptus, Hyacinth. Diofeoridis. Dod. Ludg.
Hudfon. Fl. Angl. 123. ed. 2. p. 141. Lightfoot. Fl. Scot. p. 185.
RADIX: bulbusfubrotundus, magnitudine nucis my-
riftice, candidus, fucco vifcido repletus, ex
ima parte plurimas fibrillas albidas dimittens.
ROOT a roundifh bulb, the fize of a nutmeg, of a
white colour, and full of a vifcid juice, fend-
ing down from the bottom numerous whitifh
fibres.
SCAPUS nudus, femipedalis aut pedalis, ere&us, teres,
STALK naked, from half a foot to a foot in height,
levis, folidus.
upright, round, fmooth, and folid.
FOLIA quatuor, fex, interdum plura, fcapo duplo
breviora, femunciam lata, carinata, concava,
levia, nitida,
LEAVES four, fix, fometimes more, twice as fhort
as theftalk, about half an inch broad, keeled,
hollow, {mooth, and fhining.
FLORES octo ad duodecem ; fepe plures, odorati, coe-
rulei aut violacei, rarius carnei aut albi, fpi-
cati, fecundi, nutantes.
FLOWERS from eight to twelve, often more, fweet
fmelling, of a blue or violet colour, feldom
flefh coloured or white, growing in a fpike,
all one way, and hanging down.
BRACTE binz, fuberectz, lanceolate, ffe. 1. FLORAL-LEAVES two to each flower, lanceolate,
and nearly upright, fig. 1.
COROLLA fubcylindracea, fexpartita, laciniis revolu-
COROLLA almoft cylindrical, divided into fix feg-
tis, fig. 2, 3.
ments, the tips of which turn back, fg. 2, 3.
STAMINA: Fir AMENTA fex, tria longiora tubum
corolla zquantia, inferne corolle adnata, fu-
perne libera, fetacea, albida: ANTHER e-
rectz, incumbentes, fubfagittate, flavefcen-
tes, fig. 4.
STAMINA: fix FiLAMENTS, the three longeft of
which equal the tube of the corolla, below at-
tached to the corolla, above free from it, ta-
pering, and whitifh: AwrHEw upright, in-
cumbent, fomewhat arrow-fhaped, of a yel.
lowifh colour, fig. 4.
PISTILLUM : GERMEN conicum, angulato-fulcatum,
albidum : Sryzus corolla brevior, apice vio-
laceus: Sticma obtufum, villofum, fig. 5»
PISTILLUM : Germen conical, angular and grooved,
of a whitifh colour: Sryze fhorter than the
corolla, at top of a blueifh colour: STiGMA
blunt and villous, fg. 5. -
PERICARPIUM : Carsura triquetra, trilocularis,
trivalvis, valvis ovatis, mucronatis, jig. 6.
SEED-VESSEL : a three-cornered CAPsurE, of three
cavities and three valves, the valves oval, and
| terminating in a fhort point, fis. 6.
SEMINA plurima, violacea, nitida, fubrotunda, fig.7. $ SEEDS numerous, ofa fine blue colour, and roundifh
fhape, with a polifhed furface, ffe. 7.
464644464646 4644 Here r1 4646 4E 4446464644446 46464646 e Gp ee 46H HG 616 | TE HELE
THE Hyacintb 1s confidered by the Dutch Florifts, as the firft of flowers, and as fuch ranks in their catalogues;
in one of which, viz. that of Meffrs. VoonnErM and ScHNEEvocT, of Haerlem, for the year 1778, the Gloria Solis
is marked at a 1000 guilders, eleven of which make one pound fterling.
The fpecies which is the object of fo much care and cultivation, and from whence fuch numerous and beautiful
varieties are produced, 1s not our Englifh Hyacinth, but the Hyacinthus orientalis of LiNwN vs: neverthelefs, the
prefent fpecies 1s often to be met with in gardens, though in a ftate not much improved, being generally fingle,
and retaining its character of drooping flowers, by which chara&er it is obvioufly diftinguifhed from a plant very
fimilar to it, which is much more common in gardens, and flowers at the fame time; a plant overlooked by
Linnzvus; but named by Mr. Banxs Scilla campanulata.
Our meadows, woods, and hedge-rows, are beautifully decorated with the bloffoms of this plant in the fpring
- months. Its feeds are not ripened till the end of the year; and thofe, on being fown, did not vegetate till the
fecond year.
The term of zon /criptus was applied to this plant by fome of the earlieft botanifts, as may be feen in Bauhin’s
Pinax, and Ray's Hift. Plant. and implies, that the flowers were not marked with any kind of charactet, which
the Hyacinth of the antients is fuppofed to have been, vid. Baub. Pin. p. 47. and Ra. Hf. p. 1155.
The great uncertainty in which the antients have left us, by their vague and imperfect defcriptions, appears in a
ftrong light, by what can be colleéted from their writings concerning the HvaciwTH Frower. Since the revival
of letters, commentators and botanifts, have taken great pains to afcertain the plant which the antient poets and
naturalifts called by this name; but with what fuccefs, may be eafily gathered, when we find them feverally fixing
upon flowers of fuch very different appearances as the Martagon,. Larkfpur, and Iris, for the true Hyacinth,
The Hyacinthine hair of the antients, has alfo engaged the attention of the inquifitive, fucceeding poets copying
the expreffion from Homer, who defcribes U/yfes thus, in Pope or Broome’s tranflation :
* Back from bis brows a length of hair unfurls,
His hyacinthine locks defcend in wavy curls.
As by [ome artift, to whom Vulcan gives
“His frill divine, a breathing flatue lives ;
* By Pallas taught, he frames the wondrous mould,
** And der the filver pours the fufile gold;
So Pallas bis heroic frame improves
* With heav'nly bloom, and like a god he moves.”
This pafiage is thus imitated by Mixrow, in his defcription of the perfon of Adam.
* His fair large front and eye fublime declar'd
* Abfolute. rules. dnd hyacinthine: locks
* Round from his parted forelack manly bung
“© Clufiring, but not' beneath bis shoulders broad."
It is furprifing that all the commentators fhould agree, in fuppofing Homer means d/ack hair by his allufion to the
Hyacinth, when he elfewhere in the Odyfley, defcribes UAjfes with yellow or golden hair : ** Ala dex xepaarns ohm Tpinas,”
which correfponds with the fimile in the above mentioned quotation, where the poet compares the hair flowing on
his hero's fhoulders, to gold inlaid on ver. But perhaps Homer did not intend to expreís any colour by alluding
to the Hyacinth: this line in the original, ** OvAa que xopas vaxsvOivo cevbes oporec,”’ may be literally tranflated thus :
“ She let down bis hair curled like a Hyacinth flower.”
The Hyacintbus comofus, and its variety the Hyacintbus monftrofus, or feathered Hyacinth, bear a {trong refemblance
to curled hair, and are natives of the warmer parts of Europe. |
A defire to point out the connection between botany and polite literature, has occafionally induced us to
venture on hints and remarks of this kind, which the learned reader will, we hope, look on with an indulgent
eye, and remember that our attempts, fuch as they are, add little to the bulk, and nothing to the expence, of
the work. |
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Juncus campestris. Hairy Firtp Rusu
2
JUNCUS Linnezi Gen. Pl, Hexanpria Monoecynia.
Cal. 6-phyllus.
CaF: ©:
Capfula 1-locularis.
Raii Syn. Gen. 27. HERB GRAMINIFOLIE FLORE IMPERFECTO CULMIFERS.
JUNCUS campefiris foliis planis fubpilofis, fpicis feffilibus pedunculatifque. Lin. Syft. Fegetab. b. 280.
Sp. Pl. p. 468.
JUNCUS planifolius; fpicis petiolatis, nutantibus; petalis ariftatis. Haller. hift.
JUNCUS campefiris. Scopoli FI. Carniol. 5. 258.
GRAMEN hirfutum capitulis Pfylli. Baubin. Pin. 7.
GRAMEN exile hirfutum. Gerard. emac. Im
GRAMEN nemorofum hirfutum minus anguftifolium. Parkinfon. 1185.
Rau Sym p. 416, Small Hairy Wood-Grafs.
Hudfon. Fl. Angl. 132, ed. 2. p. 152.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. 186.
RADIX perennis, craífitie penne coracis, fublignofa,
fibris plurimis nigricantibus inftru&ta, repens.
CULMUS fimplex, palmaris, aut dodrantalis, ere&tus,
foliofus, bafi tumidus, teres, levis, enodis.
FOLIA plana, pilofa, pilis e margine foliorum erum-
pentibus, acuta, apicibus fzpe rufis, mem-
brana defütuta, foliola duo erecta inaequalia
fpiculis fubje&a culmum terminant.
SPICUL plerumque tres, fubovate, fig. 1. florefcen-
te plantà erecta, pedicellis inzqualibus infi-
dentes, inferiore fubfeffili. j
PEDUNCULI fihformes, e vagina ciliata prodeuntes.
FLORES decem aut duodecem circiter in fingula fpicu-
| la, feffiles.
CALYX: íquamule plerumque quatuor, ovato-acutze,
membranacez, inzquales, foliolis calycinis
multo breviores, fingulum flofculum ambiunt,
Sig. 2.
CALYX proprius hexaphyllus: foliolis lanceolato-
acuminatis, patentibus, perfiftentibus, nitidis,
carinatis, e fufco-purpureis, jig. 3.
COROLLA nulla.
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA fex, fubulata, breviffima :
ANTHER# oblonge, calycem zquantes, fla-
ve, quadrifulcate, bicufpidate, fig. 4, 5,
demiffo polle tortuofz.
PISTILLUM: GEnMEN viride, triquetrum, acumina-
tum: SrTvLvus brevis, filiformis: STIGMATA
tria, longa, filiformia, flexuofa, villofa, jig. 6.
PERICARPIUM : Capsuta teca, triquetra, unilocu-
laris, trivalvis, fig. 7, 8, 9.
SEMINA plerumque tria, fubrotunda, olivacea, fig. 10,
II. j
AO 3€46 EAE LEA ELELE LE EAE AE EAE HEHE EEA EAE EE ELE ALAA EAE EEE AG 44 44644644446 4140 44446414644 44144644 4444449444444 44644 44 464646 44 44
ROOT perennial, the fize of a crow quill, fomewhat
woody, furnifhed with numerous blackifh
fibres, creeping.
STALK fimple, from three to nine inches high, up-
right, leafy, fomewhat enlarged at bottom,
round, {mooth, and without joints.
LEAVES flat, hairy, the hairs proceeding from the
edges of the leaves, pointed, the tips often of
a reddifh brown colour, not furnifhed with
any membrane: two {mall, upright, unequal
leaves, placed under the fpiculz, terminate
the ftalk.
SPICULZE, generally three, fomewhat oval, TH
upright when the plant is in flower, fitting
on uneven foot-ftalks, the lowermoft fpicula
nearly feffile.
FLOWER-STALKS thread-fhaped, proceeding from
a fmall fheath edged with hairs.
FLOWERS about ten or twelve in each fpicula,
feffle. —
CALYX: moft commonly four fmall fcales, of an oval
pointed fhape, membranous and uneven, and
much íhorter than the leaves of the true
Calyx, furround the bafe of each floret, fig. 2.
CALYX: the proper Calyx is compofed of fix leaves, -
fpear-fhaped, with a long point, fpreading,
permanent, fhining, keeled, of a brownifh
purple colour, fig. 3.
COROLLA wanting. de
STAMINA: fix FILAMENTS, tapering, and very fhort:
ANTHER oblong, the length of the Calyx,
yellow, with four grooves, terminating in
two points, jig. 4, 5; on fhedding the Pollen
becoming twifted.
PISTILLUM : Geren green, three-cornered, poin-
ted: STYLE fhort, thread-fhaped : Stigmata
three, long, thread-fhaped, crooked, and vil-
lous, jig. 6.
SEED-VESSEL: a CarsuLE covered by the Calyx,
three-cornered, of one cavity and three valves,
Jig. 7, 8, 9.
SEEDS ufually three, of a roundifh fhape, and olive
colour, fig. 10, 11.
THE above defcription is taken from the uncus campefiris when growing in its moft ufual ftate in dry
paftures ; in fuch fituations it has feldom more than three or four {picule; in moifter and richer foils, par-
ticularly on boggy ground, it will often have a much greater number: but though it varies in fize and the -
number of its parts, it ftill continues very diftinct from the fpilofus, or Hairy Wood Ruff.
It flowers in April and May, and ripens its feeds in June.
The hairs of this, and fome of the other Junci, are of a very fingular kind; a ftranger to plants, would
fuppofe that fome animal had been robbed of its hair by rubbing on it.
The appearance of this plant indicates a dry, and confequently not very luxuriant pafturage.
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Rumex cRnIisPUS CusgnrLEDp Dock
RUMEX Linnai Gen, Pl, HEXANDRIA 'TRIGYNIA.
Cal. 3-phyllus. Petala 3-conniventia. Sem. 1, triquetrum.
Raii Syn. Gen. 5s. HERBZ FLORE IMPERFECTO SEU STAMINEO VEL APETALO POTIUS.
RUMEX cif floribus hermaphroditis: valvulis integris graniferis, foliis lanceolatis undulatis dein
Linn. Syfl. Vegetab. p. 284. Spec. Plant. p. 478. Fl. Suecic. p. 117.
LAPATHUM foliis crifpis, imis ovatis, fupremis lanceolatis, calycibus Vetus Haller hift. n. 1589.
LAPATHUM crifpum. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. p. 261. |
LAPATHUM folio acuto crifpo. Bauhin. Pin, 115.
LAPATHUM acuti varietas folio crifpo. Gere emac. 387.
LAPATHUM acutum minus: Parkinfon. 226.
Rai Sys. p 141. Sharp-pointed Dock with curled leaves.
Hudfon Fl. Angl. b. 134.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. 108.
RADIX perennis, flavefcens, fufiformis, per gtatem ¥ ROOT perennial, tapering, of a yellowifh colour, be-
fuperne ramofus evadit. - coming branched at top as it grows old.
STALK two or three feet high, upright, finely grooved,
CAULIS bipedalis aut tripedalis, erectus, ftriatus, lz-
Ímooth, and branched.
vis, ramofus.
LEAVES lanceolate, waved, pointed, underneath vei-
FOLIA lanceolata, undulata, acuta, fubtus venofa, pe-
ny, the foot-ftalks grooved.
tiolis fulcatis.
FLOWERS crouded very thickly together in fpikes,
FLORES in fpicas denfiffime glomerati, caulem peni-
and almoft entirely hiding the ftalk.
tus fere occnltantes.
CALYX: a PzniAN THIUM of three leaves, which nus
boat-fhaped, and fhorter than the Corolla,
Jg. 1.
COROLLA: three oval, hollow ,PETArs, finally be-
coming clofed, and large; each bearing a
grain, veiny, reticulated, entire at the edges,
including a three-cornered, fhining, pale brown
SEED, 3, 7, 9, 9. ;
Y
M
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
¥
Y
M
Y
Y
i
t
i
CALYX: PrEniANTHIUM triphyllum, foliolis cymbi- ¥
formibus, corollà brevioribus, fig. 1. i
Y
Y
Y
Y
H
1
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
1
Y
*
COROLLA: PETALA tria, ovata, concava, demum
conniventia, magna, granifera, venofa, reti-
culata, integra, SEMEN unicum, triquetrum,
nitidum, pallide fufcum foventia, fig. 3, 7, 8, 9.
STAMINA : three very fine fhort FILAMENTs: ÁN-
STAMINA: FirLAMENTA tria, capillaria, brevia:
THER yellow, jig. 3.
ANTHERE flave, fig. 3.
PISTILLUM : Germen three-cornerd : SrvzrEs
three, turning back: SticmatTa jagged,
"rfi vds hha OH
PISTILLUM : GermeEn triquetrum : STYLI tres,
reflexi: STIGMATA laciniata, fig. 4, 5, 6.
THE Docks, like the feveral fpecies of Goofefoot and Oracb, are with difficulty diftinguifhed from each other.
The fpecies here figured, is one of the moft common, as well as the moft injurious as a weed. It is
found in almoft every kind of foil and fituation ; as in wet meadows, by the fides of roads, and in cultiva-
ted, ground, into which it is generally introduced with dung. I have remarked fome Clover fields in which
this plant formed nearly one half of the crop.
It may be diftinguifhed from the other Docks by its yellow root, waved leaves, and large and numerous
feed-coverings, which grow fo thick as almoft to hide the ftalk, and which are larger than in moft of the
other Docks, of a roundifh fhape, with prominent veins, and an entire or flightly waved edge.
It flowers in June, July, and Auguft.
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EpiLoBIUM uinsuTUM. LARGE-FLOWER’D WiLLOW-HERE.
EPILOBIUM. Linnai Gem. Pj. OCTANDRIA Monocynta.
| Cal. 4-fidus, Petala 4. Caps. oblonga, infera. Sem. pappofas
Raii Syn. Gen. 22. HERBJE VASCULIFERE FLORE TETRAPETALO ANOMALA.
EPILOBIUM JAjutum foliis ovato-lanceolatis, femiamplexicaulibus, hirfutis; caule ramofiffimo; radice
repente.
EPILOBIUM birfutum folis oppofitis lanceolatis ferratis decurrenti amplexicaulibus. Lin. Sy/?. Vegetabs
| p 471. Spec. Plant. b. 494. Flor. Suecic. p. 123.
EPILOBIUM foliis femiamplexicaulibus, lanceolatis, hirfutis. Haller. bif. belv. b 125.
CHAMJENERION hirfutum. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. 270. |
LYSIMACHIA fihquofa hirfuta magno flore. Baubim. pin 245.
LYSIMACHIA fiiquofa.' Ger. emac. 476.
Rai Syn. p. 311. Great hairy codded Loofeftrife or Willow-herb, called
alfo Codlings and Cream,
Hudfon. FI. Angl. B. 141. 3. ed. 2. f. 162. 30
Lighifoot. Fl. Scot. p. 197.
Oeder. Fl. Dan. ic. 326.
ROOT perennial, full of fhoots, with numerous fibres,
fending off from the upper part ftoles of a
confiderable thicknefs, which creeping un-
der the furface of the ground, fpread widely
and propagate the plant.
STALK from three to fix feet high, upright, very
much branched, round, fomewhat quadran-
gularatbottom, hirfute, and purplifh: Bran-
cHES like the ftalk, nearly upright.
LEAVES betwixt oval and lanceolate, finely toothed
at the edges, hirfute, half embracing the ftalk,
veiny, thofe on the branches a little twifted.
FLOWERS large, fhowy, ofa purple colour, fome-
what bell-fhaped, and hanging down a little.
CALYX: a Perrantuium placed above the Germen,
upright, angular at the bafe, deeply divided
into four fegments, which are oval and poin-
ted, the bottom in the infide villous, fig. 1.
COROLLA: PETALA quatuor, obcordata, emargina- Y COROLLA: four Perats inverfely heart-fhaped, e-
ta, purpurea, bafi albida, calyce duplo lon- marginated, of a purple colour with a white
RADIX perennis, furculofa, fibris capillata, e cujus :
¥
¥
t
Y
Y
i
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
i
Y
M
Y
Y
Y
i
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
i
giora, fig. 2. i bafe, and twice the length of the Calyx,
Y
Y
Y
Y
t
i
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
i
Y
Y
Y
Y
i
Y
Y
i
Y
Y
i
Y
M
Y
Y
capite erumpunt germina majufcula, rubentia,
in fummà tellure reptantia, quibus fe late
diffundit et propagat.
-. CAULIS tripedalis ad orgyalem, erectus, ramofiffimus,
teres, ad bafin fubtetragonus, hirfutus, pur-
purafcens; Rami cauli fimiles, adfcendentes.
FOLIA ovato-lanceolata, argute denticulata, hirfuta, fe-
miamplexicaulia, venofa, ramorum fubtortuofa.
FLORES magni, fpeciofi, purpurei, fubcampanulati,
paululum nutantes.
CALYX: PznriANTHIUM fuperum, erectum, quadri-
partitum, bafiangulofum, laciniis ovato-acutis,
fundo villofo, fig. 1.
jig. 2.
STAMINA: eight Firaments, four of which are
Íhorter than the others, white and tapering:
ANTHERX oblong, bilocular, and yellowith,
STAMINA: FILAMENTA octo, quorum quatuor lon-
giora, alba, fubulata: AwTHEme oblonge,
biloculares, flavefcentes, fig. 3.
PISTILLUMS GERMEN oblong, villous, placed be-
low the Calyx, four-corner'd and grooved,
crowned with very minute glands: SrvrEe
filiform, hanging down, and longer than the
Stamina: STIGMA thick, divided into four
fegments, which are villous and roll'd back,
PISTILLUM : Germen oblongum, villofum, infe-
rum, tetragono-fulcatum, glandulis minimis
coronatum : ST vLvs filiformis, declinatus, Sta-
minibus longior: Sriema craffum, quadrifi-
dum, laciniis revolutis, villofis, fig. 4, 5, 6.
Jig. 4, 5, 6.
SEED-VESSEL> a CaPsuLE about three inches long,
obtufely four cornered, and grooved, termi-
nated as in the Germen with glands, flightly
hirfute, having four cavities and four valves.
SEEDS oval, pale brown, numerous, downy, viewed
with a magnifier on one fide convex, and
roughifh, on the other, flattifh and grooved,
affixed in rows toa four-cornered, loofe, flexi-
ble RECEPTACLE, jig. 7.
PERICARPIUM: Capsuta triuncialis, obtufe tetra-
“gona, fulcata, ut in germine glandulis termi-
nata, leniter hirfuta, quadrilocularis, quadri-
valvis.
SEMINA ovata, pallide fufca, plurima, pappofa, len-
te vifa hinc convexa, fcabriufcula, illinc com-
preflo-fulcata, RECEP T ACULO tetragono, libe-
ro, flexili feriatim affixa, fig. 7.
44
THE Lyfmachia filiquofa birfuta magno flore, and the Lyfimachia birfuta parvo flore of BAUHINE, are con-
fidered by Linwaus as the fame fpecies. 1"
Mr. Ray, both in his Hiftoria Plantarum and Synoffis, confiders them as diftin® fpecies; and Mr. Hunson,
viewing them in the fame light, gives a new name to the larger flowering one, calling it ramofum, and retains the
name of /irfutum for the {maller flowering one: but as the larger flowering plant is the fpecies which Linnaus
has diftinguifhed by the name of Airfutum, there appears more propriety in adopting his name for the fpecies, and
giving a new name to what he confiders as the variety. |
The fpecies here figured, grows very commonly in and by the fides of wet ditches, ponds, &c. rifing
generally to the height of five feet.
It flowers in July and Auguft. .
A variety with a white flower fometimes occurs; and a fort with variegated leaves, is fold by the gardeners.
Having a creeping root, it is very. apt to increafe too much if not properly attended to. "The leaves, when
young, have a fhining appearance; and if bruifed, fend forth an agreeable {mell, whence its name of Codlings
and Cream.
Is it not a plant deferving the notice of the Farmer? If cattle are found to eat it, either green or dryed, may it
not be cultivated to advantage it wet fituations, where other ufeful plants will not grow ?
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EPILOBIUM Linnea: Gen. Pl. Octanpria Monocynta,
Cal. 4-fidus. Petala 4. . Caps. oblonga, tees Sem. pappofa.
Raii Syn. Gen. 21. HERBA VASCULIFERJE FLORE TETRAPETALO ANOMALA.
EPILOBIUM «fum folis JONES dentatis, pubefcentibus, caule tereti villofo.
EPILOBIUM /irfutum foliis lanceolatis ferratis. fubdecurrentibus ; inferioribus oppofitis, caule fubfim-
plei — Hudfon Fl. Angl. ed. 2. p. 162.
LYSIMACHIA filiquofa hirfuta parvo flore. C. Baubim. pin. 245. Prod. 116.
LYSIMACHIA filiquofa hirfuta flore minore. J. B. II. 996.
LYSIMACHIA filiquofa fylveftris hirfuta. Parkinfon? Rai Hifi. Pl. $. 861. Sym. ed. 3. p 311.
The leffer hairy codded Loofeftrife or Willow-herb, with fmall flowers.
Lightfoot. Fl. Scot. p. 198. var. hirfut. | |
ROOT perennial and fibrous.
RADIX perennis, fibrofa.
STALK from one to three feet high, fimple or branch-
ed according to its place of growth, round,
hoary, and purpliíh. -
CAULIS pedalis ad tripedalem, fimplex, aut ramofus
pro loco natali, teres, v///ofus.
LEAVES oblong and lanceolate, uniting at bottom
around the ftalk, but not running down it,
teeth at the edge few and glandular, foft,
downy, underneath whitifh, fpreading, but
in more dry fituations frequently upright.
FOLIA oblongo-lanceolata, connata, non vero decur-
rentia, rare dentata, dentibus glandulofis,
mollia, pubefcentia, fubtus albida, patentia,
in locis ficcioribus feepe erecta.
FLORES parvi, purpurei. FLOWERS fmall and purple.
CALYX: a Pertanrurum of four leaves, placed a-
bove the Germen, oval, pointed, and flight-
ly hirfute, fig. 1. -
CALYX: PERIANTHIUM tetraphyllum, fuperum, fo-
liolis ovato-lanceolatis, hirfutulis, fig. 1.
COROLLA : four PETArs inverfely heart-fhaped, al-
COROLLA: PETALA quatuor, obcordata, calyce du-
moft twice the length of the Calyx, fig. 2.
plo fere longiora, fig. 2.
STAMINA: eight Firamenrts, tapering, the four
alternate ones fhorteft: Aw THER oval, flat-
tened, and obtufe, jig. 3.
“STAMINA: FinaMENTA otto; fubulata, alterna
breviora: ANTHER# ovales, compreffz, ob-
tufee, ffe. 3.
PISTILLUM : Germen cylindrical, very long: SrvrE
filiform: Striema thick, divided into four
fegments, which are ícarcely rolled back,
Jig 4- |
SEED-V ESSEL, along CaPsuLE, ofareddifh colour.
PISTILLUM: GznMEN cylindraceum, longiffimum:
Srvrvs filiformis: Stigma craffum, quadri-
fidum, laciniis vix vero revolutis, fig. 4.
PERICARPIUM: CarsurA prelonga, rubefcens.
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SEMINA plurima, pappo coronata. SEEDS numerous, covered with a pappus or down.
IN three refpe&s does this plant particularly, and invariably, differ from the hirfutum; of which, as hath before
been obferved, it is confidered by Linnzus and other Writers, as a variety only ; viz. in its bloffoms, root, and
pubefcence ; either of which would appear alone fufficient to conftitute it a diftin& fpecies.
The bloffoms in the firft place, are not in general more than one third as large; the root does not creep; and
the ftalk and leaves, are covered with numerous foft hairs, which give the whole plant a whitifh or hoary appear-
ance, that is particularly ftriking.
Befides thefe characters, the plant is alfo much fmaller; and in general, is not fo much branched. I have often
gathered fpecimens of it not more than a foot in height, with a fimple ftalk; and have alfo frequently found it
much higher, as well as much branched, when there was no reafon to fuppofe the plant had received any injury,
which Mr. Hupson afferts is always the cafe, when the plant occurs in the latter ftate. The Calyx and Stigma,
differ alfo very materially in the two plants. ;
It is very common with us on the banks of rivulets, and in watery places; and flowers in July and Auguft.
No particular qualities are afcribed to it.
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Fpilobium tetragonum. Square-Stalk’d Willow - Herb.
EPILOBIUM Linnai. Gem Pl OcrAwDRIA MonocGynia.
Cal 4-fidus. Petala 4. Caps. oblonga, infera. Sem. pappofa.
Raii Syn. Gen. 22. HERBH VASCULIFERJE FLORE TETRAPETALO ANOMALJZ.
EPILOBIUM zezragonum foliis lanceolatis denticulatis ; caule tetragono; fiemate infegerrimo.
EPILOBIUM foliis lanceolatis denticulatis ; imis oppofitis, caule tetragono. Lin. Syff. Vegetab. f 297%
Sp. Plant. 495. |
EPILOBIUM folis lanceolatis, glabris, dentatis. Haller. bif. $. 426. m. 997.
CHAMJ/ENERION zeiragonum. Scopoli. Flor. Carniol. p. 271. 454.
LYSIMACHIA filiquofa glabra media five minor. Gerard. emac. 479.
LYSIMACHIA filiquofa glabra minor. Baubim. Pin. 245. Rai. Syn. p. 311. 5, Middle fmooth-leaved
codded Willow-herb, or Loofeftrife.
Hudfon Fl. Angl. ed. 1. p. 141. ed. 2. f. 162,
Lightfoot. Fl. Scot. b. 198.
ROOT perennial, fibrous, the fibres whitifh, repaired
RADIX perennis, fibrofa, fibris albidis, ftolonibus quo-
yearly by new fhoots, but not creeping.
tannis reparata, non vero repens.
STALK upright, at top much branched, about two
feet high, füff, at bottom purplifh, fmooth,
and fomewhat fquare.
CAULIS erectus, fuperne valde ramofus, bipedalis,
rigidus, inferne purpurafcens, fubtetragonus,
levis,
LEAVES fomewhat decurrent, whence the angular
appearance of the ftalk ; the lower ones lan-
ceolate; the upper ones narrower, ferrated,
veiny, and {mooth.
FOLIA fubdecurrentia, unde caulis angulofus, inferi-
ora lanceolata, fuperiora lineari-lanceolata,
ferrata, venofa, glabra.
FLORES parvi, purpufei. FLOWERS {mall and purple.
CALYX: a PERIANTHIUM divided into four fegments,
which are narrow and tapering to a point,
downy, the midrib projecting on the under
fide, the tips reddifh, fig. 1.
CALYX: Pertantuium quadripartitum, folis lan-
ceolato-acuminatis, pubefcentibus, carinatis,
apicibus rufis, jig. 1.
COROLLA: four PETALs, purple, often ftreaked
with veins of a deeper colour, fomewhatlonger
than the calyx, with a notch at top, jig. 2.
COROLLA: Petata quatuor, purpurea, venis fa-
turatioribus fzpe ftriata, calyce paulo longio-
ra, emarginata, fig. 2.
STAMINA: eight FrLAMENTs, four long and four
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA otto, quorum quatuor bre-
fhort: Aw THERE yellowith, fig. 3.
viora: ANTHERE flavefcentes, fig. 3.
PISTILLUM: Germen tetragonum, pubefcens : Srv-
Lus brevis, albus: STi1GMA craflum, album,
zntegerrumum, fig. Ae
PISTILLUM : Germen fquare, downy:: STYrE fhort
and white: Stigma thick, white, and fer-
Seely entire, fig. 4.
SEED-VESSEL a very long CArsurE, approaching
to three inches, fitting on a flower-ftalk thrice
as fhort.
PERICARPIUM: Capsuta longiffima, fere triunci-
alis, pedunculis triplo brevioribus infidens.
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SEMINA plurima, pappofa. SEEDS numerous and downy.
THE prefent fpecies of Epilobium, takes its name of Zefragonum from the apparent {quarenefs ofits ftalk, which
however is not fo completely fquare as that of the Hypericum quadrangulum, but affumes rather an angular appear-
ance, arifing as in many other plants, from projecting lines running from the leaves down the ftalk: this however
is one of the moft ftriking characters of this fpecies: to which may be added the narrownefs of its leaves, the un-
common length of its pods, and its undivided ftigma.* Thefe are the peculiarities by which this plant may rea-
dily be diftinguifhed: but too much ftrefs muft not be laid on fome of them.
The breadth of a leaf, its being placed on a peduncle, or fitting clofe to the ftalk, are in general confidered as
excellent fpecific characters; butin this plant, as well as fome others, we have a proof of their fallibility ; the
leaves being fometimes nearly as broad as thofe of the montanum, and placed on foot-ftalks of a confiderable length.
When I firtt accidently met with this variety, I was led to conclude it to be a diftin& fpecies ; but a careful at-
tention to it, afterwards convinced me it was only a variety.
The Epilobium tetragonum is no uncommon plant with us; but is generally to be met with in watery ditches,
by the fides of roads ; and where it does occur, it ufually abounds. Among a variety of other places, I have
obferved it in the Lane leading from Newington to Hornfey Wood.
It flowers with the other Willow-herbs.
The farmer has no reafon to complain of it: nor is it celebrated in the annals of phyfic.
[|
* This character feems firft to have been noticed by Ray : his words are Stylus non ut in praecedente quadrifidus eff, Hif. Pl. p. 86x.
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-CALYX: PznuiaNTHIUM tetraphyllum, fuperum, fo-
Eprosium ANGUsTIFoLIUM. Rosesay Witiow-nere.
— EPILOBIUM Linnei Gen. Pi. Octanpria Monocynia.
Cal. 4-fidus. Petala 4. Caps. oblonga, infera. Sem. pappofa.
Rai Syn. Gen. 22. HERBH VASCULIFERJE FLORE TETRAPETALO ANOMALA.
EPILOBIUM anguftifolium folis fparfis lineari-lanceolatis, foribus inzqualibus. Linnat Syf. Fegetab.
p. 296. Sp. Pl. 347. |
EPILOBIUM flore difformi, foliis lanceolatis, tranfverfim nervofis. Haller bifl. m 427.
CHAM/ENERION anguftifolium. Scopoli Fl. Carn.
LYSIMACHIA fpeciofa, quibufdam onagra di&a filiquofa. Baubin bif. II. 906. |
LYSIMACHIA Chameenerion dicta anguftifolia. Bauhin. pin. 245. Rai Synop. 310. Rofebay Willow-herb.
Hudfon Flor. Angl. p. 140.
Lightfoot Flor. Scot. $. 197.
Oeder Dan. ic. 289.
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ROOT perennial and creeping.
STALK upright, from three to fix feet high, very
much branched, round, and pubefcent ; the
branches alternately oppofite.
LEAVES lanceolate, alternate, running flightly down
the ftalk, fmooth, the edge minutely and
rarely indented, the midrib whitith.
FLORAL-LEAVES like thofe on the ftalk.
FLOWERS purple, fhowy, growing in a kind of
Ípike, feldom more than four or five flowering
together on the fame fpike. .
CALYX: PznrANTHIUM of four leaves, placed above
the Calyx; the leaves lanceolate, coloured,
and bending upwards.
COROLLA: four roundifh PETArs of a purple co-
lour, fpreading, the claws narrow, fig. 25 the
two lowermoft fomewhat remote from each
other.
STAMINA: eight Firaments, nearly of an equal
length, of a purplifh colour, at firft bending
down, finally becoming fomewhat upright,
Íhorter than the Piftillum: ANTHER# red,
having two cavities: the Potten green,
CAULIS ere&us, tripedalis, ad orgyalem, ramofiffimus,
teres, pubefcens, ramis alterne oppofitis.
FOLIA lanceolata, alterna, fubdecurrentia, glabra,
margine minute remoteque dentata, nervo
medio albido.
BRACTE/E foliis fimiles.
FLORES purpurei, {peciofi, fubfpicati, raro ultra
| quatuor aut quinque unà in eàdem {pica flo-
rentes.
liolis lanceolatis, coloratis, furfum curvatis,
UE NT.
COROLLA: PrrALA quatuor, purpurea, patentia,
fubrotunda, emarginata, unguibus angufts,
Jig. 2, duobus inferioribus remotioribus.
STAMINA: FirLAMENTA oéto, fubzqualia, purpu-
rafcentia, primum deflexa, demum fuberecta,
Piftillo breviora : ANTHER rubra, bilocula-
res: PoLLEN viride, fig. 3, 4.
Jig. 3. 4:
PISTILLUM: GERMEN below the Calyx, oblong, the
length of the Style, flightly quadrangular,
crowned by a gland: Sryze filiform, white,
villous towards the bottom: ST1GMA large,
divided into four fegments, which are villous,
and turn back, fig. 5, 6, 7.
SEED-VESSEL: a CarsuLE of a cylindrical form,
fomewhat incurvated, of four cavities and
four valves.
SEEDS numerous, ftriated, crowned with a down,
and affixed to a very long, loofe, flexible Recep-
tacle, fig. 8, 9.
PISTILLUM: Germen inferum, oblongum, longi-
tudine Styli, fubtetragonum, glandula coro-
natum : STYrLvs filiformis, albus, prope bafin
villofus: Srrema quadrifidum, magnum, la-
ciniis villofis revolutis, ffe. 5, 6, 7.
PERICARIUM: Carsura cylindracea, incurvata,
quadrilocularis, quadrivalvis.
SEMINA numerofa, ftriata, pappo coronata Recepta-
culo longiffimo tetragono, libero, flexih affixa,
ges
IN the third edition of Rav's Synopfs, this plant is faid to have been found growing wild near Alton,
in Hamp/bire: in confirmation of this, 1 have myfelf found it growing an a wild unfrequented wood near the
fame place.
The fhowy appearance of its bloffoms, has long fince introduced it into our gardens; where, by means of
its creeping roots, it is apt to increafe more than is defirable: and from the refufe of gardens, we fufpect
" thofe plants, which we have here and there noticed about town, have arifen. Mr. Hupson, in his Flora Anglica,
mentions its growing on Maize Hill, beyond Greenwich.
It continues in bloffom through July, Auguft, and September.
Hater, from feveral authors, mentions, that the young fhoots are eatable, although an infufion of the
plant ftupifies; that the pith alío is eatable; which when dried, is boiled, whence it becomes fweet, and by
a proper procefs, affords good beer; as alfo vinegar: that it is alfo added to the Cow Parfnep, to enrich the
Ípirit which is prepared from that plant: that it likewife affords good fodder for cattle; and the down of
the feeds, mixed with beavers hair, has been manufactured into feveral articles of cloathing.
It is too diflin& to be miftaken for any of the other fpecies; and is fometimes found with white flowers,
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CINEREA. Fine LEAvED Hears.
Filamenta veceptaculo inferta. Anthere bifida.
cinerea Antheris criftatis, Corollis ovatis, Stylo fubexerto, folus ternis, Stigmate capitato.
ERICA Limuei Gen. Pl. OcrANDRIA Monoeynta.
Cal 4-phyllus. Cor. 4-fida.
Caps. 4-locularis.
Raii Syn. ARBORES xr FmuTICES.,
ERICA cinerea folis ternis glabris linearibus.
ERICA
Linnei Syft. Vegetab. p. 303.
ERICA humilis, cortice cinereo Arbuti flore. Baubis p. 486.
ERICA virgata five VI Clufü. Parkinfon 1483.
ERICA
Oceder Dan. icon. 38.
RADIX perennis, lignofa.
CAULES fuffruticofi, pedales, lignofi, cortice cinereo,
ramofi, ramis oppofitis.
FOLIA terna, linearia, patentia, fupra glabra, nitida,
tranfverfim rugofa, infra canaliculata, faturate
viridia, fig. 1, 2
FLORES faturate purpurei, ta&u fonori, fpicati, fpicis
longis, verticillato-glomerati, terminalibus.
CALYX PzniawTHIUM tetraphyllum, foliolis lanceo-
latis, acuminatis, margine membranaceis, co-
loratis, perfiftentibus, foliolis duobus acutis
et multo minoribus ad bafin, fig. 3, 5.
COROLLA monopetala, ovata, ore quadrifido, laciniis
obtufis, fzepe emortuis, perfiftens, fig. 4.
STAMINA: FIL AMEN T A oo, fubulata, alba, Corolla
breviora, receptaculo inferta; Aw THER fub-
fagittatze coherentes, biloculares, bicornes,
cornibus laciniatis, ad bafin rubris, biforami-
nofe, fig. 6, 7.
PISTILLUM: Germen cylindraceum, fulcatum ;
SrvLvs fubulatus, purpureus, Corollà inclu-
fus, Staminibus longior ; ST16MA fubrotundum
fig. 9, 9, 10.
PERICARPIUM CaesurA fubrotunda, quadrilocula-
ris, quadrivalvis.
SEMINA plura, fubovata, fuperficie reticulata, ‘Tetra-
licis quadruplo majora.
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tenuifolia Gerard emac. 1380. Rait Syn. p. 471, Fineleaved Heath. Hudfon Fl. Angl. p. 144--
ROOT perennial and woody.
STALKS fhrubby, about a foot high, woody 5 the
bark of an afh colour, branched; the branches
oppofite.
LEAVES growing three together, linear, fpreading,
: above fmoothand fhining, tranverfly wrinkled;
below hollow, of deep green colour, fig. 1, 2.
FLOWERS of a deep purple colour, fonorous when
touched, growing in long, cluftered, whirled
fpikes, which are terminal.
CALYX: a Pertantuivum of four leaves, of a pointed
oval fhape, membranous at the edge, coloured,
" continuing, with two pointed and much ímaller .
leaves at the bottom of them, jig. 3, 5.
COROLLA of one Petal, oval, the mouth divided
into four fegments, which often occur wither-
ed, continuing, fig. 4.
STAMINA : eight FiLAMENTS, tapering, white, fhor-
ter than the Corolla, inferted into the Recep-
tacle: ANTHER@ fomewhat arrow fhaped,
adhering together, with two cavities open
at top, and two little horns which are jagged
and red at bottom, jig. 6, 7.
PISTILLUM: Germen cylindrical, grooved: STYrE
tapering, purple, inclofed within the Corolla,
but longer than the Stamina: STIGMA roundith,
fig. 9, 0, 292
SEED-VESSEL a roundifh Capfule of four cavities and
four valves.
SEEDS feveral, of an oval fhape, the furface reticulated,
four times larger than thofe of the crofs leaved
Heath.
THIS fpecies of Heath, which produceth the moft fhowy flowers, grows generally with the crofs-leaved and
common Heath; and flowers in July and Auguft.
As it:grows
to a pretty confiderable height, it is applicable to the fame ufes as the common Heath.
It is diftinguifhed from the croft-leaved Heath, by the finenefs, fmoothnels and deep green colour of its leaves: '
its flowers alfo grow more in fpikes, and are of a deeper purple colour.
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ADOXA MOSCHATELLINA. lusERovs MoscuarEL.
ADOXA Limnei Gen. Pl, Ocv ANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.
Cal. 2-fidus, inferus. Cor. 4-f, s-fida, fupera. Bacca 4-f. 5-locularis, ca-
lyce coalita.
Raii Syn.Gen. 16. HERB BACCIFERA,
ADOXA Mofchatellina. Linnai Syft. Vegetab. p. 315. Sp. Ph 527. Fl. Suecic. b. 132.
MOSCHATELLINA Haller hift. 429.
MOSCHATELLA Adoxa. Scopoli, Fl. Carniol. p. 281.
MOSCHATELLINA folis fumarie bulbofe. 4. B. 111. 206.
RANUNCULUS nemorofus Mofchatella dictus. Parkinfon 226.
RANUNCULUS nemorum Mofchatellina dictus. Baubim. Pin. 178.
RADIX CAVA minima viridi flore. Gerard emac. 1091. Rai Syn. p. 268, ‘Tuberous Mofchatel.
Hudfon FL Angl. ed. 2. f. 172.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. b. 209.
Oeder. FI. Dan. ic. 139.
m———————————— À—
RADIX perennis, repens, dentata, alba.
FOLIA radicalia tria aut quatuor, tri-ternata, incifa,
glabra, lobis ovatis, mucronatis, caulina duo
brevius petiolata, oppofita.
CAULIS folia fuperans, fimplex, fubtetragonus.
PEDUNCULOUS quadrangularis, nudus, terminalis.
CAPITULUM tetragonum, ex quatuor floribus verti-
cillatis, quinto terminal.
CALYX: Perranruium inferum, fepius triangulare,
planum, perfiftens, fig. 1.
COROLLA monopetala, rotata, plana, quadrifida,
aut quinquefida, laciniis ovatis, acutis, caly-
ce longioribus, fig. 2, 3, 4+ |
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA octo aut decem, fubulata,
longitudine calycis: ANTHER# flavz, plane,
orbiculate, fig. 5.
PISTILLUM : Germe_en fubrotundum, calyce cin&um:
STYLI plerumque quatuor, fimplices, erect,
longitudine ftaminum, perfiftentes: ST1iGMA-
TA fimplicia, fig. 6.
PERICARPIUM: Bacca globofa, viridis, quadrilo-
cularis, cum calyce coalita, fig. 7.
SEMINA folitaria, ovata, comprefía, jig. 8.
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ROOT perennial, creeping, toothed, and of a white
colour.
LEAVES: radical leaves commonly three or four,
triply ternate, deeply cut in, fmooth, and
fhining; the fegments or lobes oval, with a
fhort point: thofe of the ftalk twoin number,
ftanding on fhorter foot-ftalks, and oppofite.
STALK fomewhat taller than the leaves, fimple, and
nearly fquare.
FLOWER-STALK íquare, naked, and terminating
the ftalk.
HEAD {quare, from the union of four of the flowers,
and terminated by the fifth.
CALYX: a PrgrANTHIUM placed beneath the ger-
men, moft commonly triangular, flat, and
permanent, jig. I. |
COROLLA monopetalous, whecl-fhaped, flat, divi-
ded into four or five fegments, which are
oval, pointed, and longer than the calyx,
Jg. 2, 3, 4
STAMINA: eight or ten Fir AMENS, tapering, the
length of the calyx: ANTHER# yellow, flat,
and round, jig. 5.
PISTILLUM: Geren roundifh, furrounded by the
calyx: STvLES generally four, fimple, up-
right, the length of the ftamina, permanent:
STIGMATA fimple, jig. 6.
SEED-VESSEL ; a round Berry of a green colour,
having four cavities, and united to the calyx,
fig. 7. |
SEEDS fingle, oval, and flattened, fie. 8.
SOME of the antient botanifts confidered this fingular plant as a Fumaria, others as a Ranunculus, from
the appearance of its foliage; but an attention to its fructification, fhews it to be a plant altogether fu generis.
It is one of the bacciferous plants of Ray, but its berries are rarely produced, and not to be difcovered
without a nice examination.
It varies much in the divifions of its Calyx, and Corolla, as well as in the number of its Stamina, even
in the terminal flower.
In Charlton Wood we find it abundantly, flowering in April and May.
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Chryfofplenium Oppofitifolium. Common Golden Saxifrage.
CHRYSOSPLENIUM Linnei Gen. Pl, DECANDRIA DIGYNIA;
Cal. 4-f. 5-fidus, coloratus, Cor. o.
Caps. 2-roftris, 1 lo-
cularis, polyfperma. \
Rai Syn. Gen. 5. HERBE FLORE IMPERFECTO SEU STAMINEO VEL APETALO
POTIUS,
CHRYSOSPLENIUM ofpofitifolium foliis oppofitis. Lin. Syf. Vegetab. p. 342. Sp. Pl. 569.
CHRYSOSPLENIUM foliis conjugatis. Haller. Hf. No. 1549.
SAXIFRAGA rotundifolia aurea. Bauhin. pin. P. 309.
SAXIFRAGA aurea. Ger. emac. 841. Parkinfon 425. Raw Gym. 158. Golden Saxifrage.
Hudfon Fl. Angl. p. 156.
Oeder F]. Dan. ic. 365.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. pe 220.
RADICES perennes, fibrofz, capillares.
CAULES bafi repentes, quadrati, tenerrimi, ereQu,
palmares et ultra, pilis raris hirfuti; ramofi,
Íuperne dichotomi.
FOLIA oppofita, connata, petiolata, patentia, fubro-
tunda, pilis raris albidis hirfuta, dentato-
crenata, fubcarnofa, e flavo virefcentia, fubtus.
albida, fuprema profundius crenata.
FLORES flavi, feffiles, fummis ramis infidentes, co-
rymbofi, faftigiati,
CALYX: PznrAN THIUM quadripartitum, rarius quin-
quepartitum, patens, flavum, perfiftens; la-
ciniis ovatis, fubzequalibus, fig. 1, 2.
COROLLA nulla.
STAMINA: FrrLAMENTO otto, (in fupremo flore de-
cem aliquando obfervantur,) fubulata, erecta,
longitudine fere calycis : ANTHER# didyme,
fubrotunde, flave, jig. 3, 4.
NECTARIUM íquamula crenulata germen cingens,
[Ress
PISTILLUM : Germen inferum, definens in StyLos
duos, fubulatos, longitudine ftaminum : STic-
MATA obtufa, fig. 6.
PERICARPIUM: Capsuta biroftris, bipartita, uni-
locularis, bivalvis, calyce viridi cincta,
SEMINA plurima, minuta, aurantiaca,
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ROOTS fibrous, capillary, and perennial,
STALKS creeping at bottom, fquare, very tender,
upright, about four inches in height, befet
with a few füiffifh hairs, branched, and fork-
ed at top. s
LEAVES oppofite, connate, ftanding on foot-ftalks,
fpreading, ofa roundifh figure, befet with a
few white ftiffifh hairs, indented or crenated
at the edges, fomewhat flefhy, ofa yellowifh
green colour, but whitifh underneath; the
uppermoft leaves more deeply notched.
FLOWERS yellow, feffile, fitting on the tops of the
branches, forming a corymbus perfectly flat
at top.
CALYX: a Pzn1AN THIUM divided into four fegments,
feldom into five, fpreading, of a yellow colour,
and continuing; the fegments ovate, and
nearly equal, fig. 1, 2. -
COROLLA wanting.
STAMINA: eight Firaments, (in the top flower
ten are fometimes obfervable,) tapering, up-
right, almoft the length of the calyx: Aw-
THER double, roundith, and yellow, jig. 3, 4.
NECTARY a fcale with a crenated edge, furrounding
the germen, fg. 5.
PISTILLUM : Germen placed below the calyx, end-
ing in two tapering. STYLES, the length of
the Stamina: Sricmata blunt, jig. 6.
SEED-VESSEL ; a CarssuLE having two beaks or
horns, dividing in the middle, ofonecavity,
and two valves, furrounded by a green Calyx.
SEEDS numerous, minute, of an orange colour.
THE antient botanifts fhewed no {mall botanic difcernment in confidering this plant as a Sax//raga ; and al-
though in ftri& propriety it may be neceffary to form a different genus of it, yet its affinity muft be con-
fefled to be very great.
The part which Linnaus calls the Receptaculum angulatum, appears to be more properly a kind of NeZfarzum 3
the Stamina proceed from beneath, not out of it.
As the terminal flower in this plant is rarely divided into more than four fegments, and has only eight
Stamina, it would perhaps be more proper to place it in the clafs OcTaNnpria. i
It grows in great abundance in the boggy part of Charlton Wood; and flowers in April. The feeds ripen
in May.
Authors are filent as to its ufeful or noxious qualities.
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.. SAXIFRAGA TRIDACTYLITES. RurrravEgp SAXIFRAGE.
SAXIFRAGA Linnei Gen. Pl. DEcANDRIA Dicynia.
Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Cass. 2-toftris, i locularis, polyfperma.
Rai Syn. Gen. 24. HERBE PENTAPETALE VASCULIFERE.
SAXIFRAGA :ridaciylites foliis caulinis cuneiformibus trifidis alternis, caule ere&o ramofo, Lzzmei
Syft. Vegetab. 5. 344. Sp. Pl. p. 578. Fl. Suecic. p. 143.
SAXIFRAGA foliis petiolatis trilobatis caule ere&o ramofo et foliofo. Haller. bits belo. 5. 422. t. 986.
SAXIFRAGA zridaélylites. | Scopolr, Fl. Carniol. 5. 237. n. 500.
SEDUM trida&ylites tectorum.
Baubin. Pin. 285.
PARONYCHIA rutaceo folio. Gerard. emac. 624.
PARONYCHIA foliis incifis.. Parkinfon 556.
SAXIFRAGA verna annua bumilor. 1. R. H. 252. Rai Syn. f. 354, Rue Witlow-grafs.
Hudfon Fl, Angl. p. 159. ed. 2. 182.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. p. 224.
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RADIX annua, fibrofa.
CAULIS plerumque triuncialis, ere&us, teres, ruber-
rimus, ramofus, pilis glanduliferis veftitus
ut ut folia cum calycibus.
FOLIA imaintegra, fubrotunda, caulina ficut afcen-
dunt bipartita, tripartita aut quinquepartita,
fubcarnofa, rigida, patentia, petiolis foliis lon-
gioribus complanatis infidentia, fuprema feffi-
lia, bipartita aut fimplicia, ovato-lanceolata,
fuberecta.
FLORES albi, ere&i, parvi.
CALYX: PrzarANTHIUM monophyllum, quinque-
partitum, breve, laciniis ovato-acutis, fub-
erectis, fig. 1.
COROLLA: PETALA quinque exigua, laciniis calycis
paulo longiora, ovata, obtufa, patentia, bafi
anguíta, immaculata, jig. 2.
STAMINA: Fir AMENTA decem, fubulata : AN THERZE
fubrotunde, flavz, fig. 3.
PISTILLUM: GerMen inferum, calyce obtectum,
fubrotundum, definens in STvros duos bre-
ves: STIGMATA villofa, fg. 4.
PERICARPIUM : CarsurA fubrotunda, bilocularis,
biroftris, ore aperto, ovato, integro.
SEMINA minima, nigricantia.
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ROOT annual and fibrous.
STAK generally about three inches high, upright, |
round, ofa bright red colour, branched and
covered (as alío the leaves and calyx) with
hairs having glands at their extremities.
LEAVES: the bottom leaves entire and roundifh $
^ thofe of the ftalk as they aícend, are deeply
divided into two, three, or five fegments,
Íomewhat flefhy, rigid, and fpreading, fit-
ting on flattened foot-ftalks longer than the
leaves; the uppermoft leaves feffile, divided
into two fegments, or intire, of an oval poin-
ted fhape, and nearly upright.
FLOWERS white, {mall, and upright.
CALYX: a PeriantTuHium of one leaf, fhort, and
divided into five fegments, which are oval,
pointed, and upright, fig. 1.
COROLLA: five fmall PETALSs,- a little longer than
the fegments of the calyx, oval, blunt, and
Ípreading, narrowed at bottom, and fpotlefs,
jig. 2-
STAMINA: ten FILAMENTS, tapering towards the
top: ANTHER# roundiíh and yellow, jig. 3.
PISTILLUM: Germen placed below the calyx and
covered by it, of a roundifh fhape, and termi-
nating in two fhort STvyrEs : theSTIGMAT A
villous, jig. 4.
SEED-VESSEL a roundifh CapsuLe of two cavities.
and two beaks, the mouth oval, open, and
intire.
SEEDS very minute, of a blackifh brown colour.
IN the months of April and May, this little plant fucceeds the Draba verna, and is no {mall ornament to
the tops of our walls. Jt grows alfo on houfes, and among rubbifh.
It varies in fize from one to fix inches, or even more in particular fituations: the larger it grows, the
more branched it becomes, and the more numerous are the divifions of its leaves: on the contrary in its
{mall ftate, the flalk is frequently fimple, and the leaves undivided.
Its medical virtues, if any, are not fufficient to preferve it in the prefent practice.
129
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SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS. SOPEWORT.
SAPONARIA Linn. Gen, Pl. DecanprtA Dievnra. |
Cal. 1-phyllus, nudus. Petala 5, unguiculata. Caps, oblonga, r-locularis.
Raii Syn. HERBJE PENTAPETALJE VASCULIFERE.
SAPONARIA offcinalis, calycibus cylindricis foliis ovato-lanceolatis. Lin. Sw. Vegetab. b 347-
Spec. Pl. 584.
SAPONARIA foliis ovato-lanceolatis, trinerviis; floribus tubulofis, umbellatis, Haller bift. helusm 980.
LYCHNIS officinalis.» Scopoli. Fl. Carniol. p. 303. ms $10:
SAPONARIA major levis. Baubim. pim. 206.
SAPONARIA Ger. emác. 444.
SAPONARIA vulgaris. Parhinfon. 641.
LYCHNIS Saponaria dicta. Ra Sym p. 339. Common Sopewort. Hudjfon FL Angl. b. 329. —Oeder.
Fl. Dan. icon. $43.
ROOT perennial, covered with a reddifh coloured bark;
ftriking deep into the ground, . and fpreading
wide, furnifhed with living buds, whence,
like Couch-Grafs, it is with the greatett
difficulty rooted out of gardens.
CAULES pedales et ultra, erecti, rigidi, teretes, fub- STALKS a foot or more in height, upright, rigid,
RADIX perenhis, cortice rubente te&a, profunde de- :
M
i
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Y
Y
| Y
rubentes, geniculati, fuperne ramofi, ramis i round, of a reddifh colour, jointed, at top
Y
i
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
{cendens, lateque reptans, gemmis vivacibus
inftructa, hinc tritici repentis szmulus, ex
hortis difficillime extirpatur.
oppofitis. . . A branched, the branches oppofite.
FOLIA ovato-lanceolato, connata, brachiatim oppofita, Y LEAVES of an oval pointed fhape, connate, alternate-
glabra, trinervia, patentia.' ly oppofite, fmooth, with three ribs, and
Ípreading.
FLORES terminales, fubumbellati, carnei. FLOWERS terminal, forming a kind of umbell, flefh
| coloured.
CALYX: Prrranruium monopyllum, tubulofum, § CALYX: a PeniANTHIUM of one leaf, tubular,
bafi intropreflum, fcabriufculum, oblongum,
quinquedentatum, frg. I.
COROLLA: Perata quinque; zzgues angufti, angu-
lati, calyce paulo longiores, ffe. 3, 43 limbus
planus, obcordatus, bafi bidentatus, jig. 3.
preffed in at the bafe, roughifh, oblong, with
five teeth, fig. I.
COROLLA: five PETALs, the claws narrow, angu-
lar, a little longer than the Calyx, fg. 3, 45
the /mé flat, inverfely heart-fhaped, furnifhed
at bottom with two little teeth, fg. 3.
STAMINA: ten FILaMEnTs, tapering, the length
of the tube of the Corolla; the alternate ones
inferted into the claws of the petals: ANTHE-
Y
Y
M
i
M
Y
Y
Y
:
STAMINA: FIL AMENTA decem, fubulata, longitudine d
Y
Y
? n oblong, ofa pale colour, fig. 5.
Y
Y
i
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
tubi corolle, alterna unguibus petalorum in-
ferta : ANTHERZ oblonge, pallide, jig. 5.
PISTILLUM: GznMEN oblong, roundifh, tranverfly
wrinkled, and green: STYLES two, taper-
ing, and white; STIGMATA fimple, fig. 6,
"b oO.
SEED-VÉSSEL: an oblong CapsuLe of one cavity,
the length of the Calyx, bellying out, cover-
ed with the Calyx; the mouth having four
| teeth, fig. 9.
SEEDS numerous, blackifh, kidney fhaped, the fur-
face granulated, fig. 10, 11.
PISTILLUM: Germen oblongum, teretiufculum,
tranfverfe rugofum, viride: Srvrr duo, fu-
bulati, albi: Stigmata fimplicia, fig. 6, 7, 8.
PERICARPIUM: CarsurA oblonga, unilocularis,
longitudine calycis, ventricoía, calyce tecta,
ore quadridentato, fig. 9.
SEMINA plurima, nigricantia, reniformia, fuperficie
granulata, fig. 10, II.
The name of Sopewort has been given to this plant, from its anfwering in a confiderable degree, the purpofes of
foap, forming like it, a lather with water, and taking out fpots of greafe, &c. from cloth in the fame manner;
whence it has alfo been called the Fullers-herb.
Some botanifts are ready to doubt whether this herb be a native of Great Britain; but the teftimonies of
Gerarp and Ray, appear fufficient to confirm it as fuch. Being often cultivated in gardens, on account of its
beauty, it is no doubt often found among the refuje of gardens; and the plants which we have here and there
met with in a few places about town, may probably have been of this kind.
It is faid naturally to grow in moiftfituations ; and flowers during the months of July, Auguft and September.
There are feveral varieties of it cultivated in the gardens, from the perfectly white to the deep purple bloffom'd, both
fingle and double; as alfo that fingular variety the Saponaria concava anglica of BAUHINE and Morison, in which
the leaves furround the ftalk, and the bloffom becomes monopetalous, but generally fplit, and deftitute of the other
parts of the fructification ; found originally by Gen ARD, in a {mall grove of a wood called the Spimey, near Lich-
barrow, in Northamptonfhire; where, according to the teftimony of Morton, bif. nat. agr. North. it is no longer
to be found; and which variety appears more like. a lufus nature, as Ray confiders it, than a mule plant, produ-
ced betwixt a Gentian and the Sopewort, as Linnavus firft fuggefted.
All thefe varieties are eafily cultivated: indeed much care is required, that they do not fpread too much
in the garden.
A detoóion of the dried herb, does not form a lather fo well as that of the frefh herb, A decoction of the dried
root, makes a lather exactly like a folution of foap, but not fo flippery ; Berg. Mat. Med. |
Greafe and dirt were wafhed out with it, but not ftains; zdem.
The root tafted not bitter, but {weet ; afterwards warm and biting in the throat ; Rutty Mat. Med.
The tafte of the leaves bitter, mucilaginous, flightly auftere, and acrid, and if chewed long, quite acrid: the
decoction alfo bitter, and auftere; but not changed by vitriol of iron ; ;dem.
The watery infufion of the dried herb, fuddenly became of a blackifh green colour, by the addition of vitriol of
iron; but not the infufion of the root; Bergius.
In baths and lotions, it has been made ufe of to cleanfe and beautify the fkin ; dem.
Internally the decoction of the whole herb is fudorific, and promotes the menfes ; ;dem.
If the decodion be very ftrong, it proves purgative; ;dem, ex Mangeto.-
The leaves and root are made ufe of in the afthma: halfa dram of the root taken with honey, promotes
expectoration ; idem.
In the: jaundice, chronic difeaíes, and obftruétions of the vifcera, it has been recommended by BoERHAVE;
Haller bifl. belv.
By others it has been recommended in venereal and fcrophulous:difeafes, particularly in the former by SrAnr,
who deemed it fuperior to Sarfaparilla; Newman's Chem. by Lewis.
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STELLARIA Linnai Gen Pl DzCANDRIA Tricynia.
' Cal. 5-phyllus, patens. Petal. 5. bipartita. Caps. 1-locularis, polyfperma,
Raii Syn.Gen. 24. HerB® PENTAPETAL® VASCULIFERJE.
STELLARIA Holoftea foliis lanceolatis ferrulatis, petalis bifidis Lin. Sy. Vegetab. p. 352. FL
Suecica. p. 1503
ALSINE foliis gramineis ciliatis. Haller bj). No. 884.
STELLARIA Holofea, Scopoli Fl. Carniol. b. 314.
CARYOPHYLLUS holofteus arvenfis glaber flore majore. Baubin pin. 210.
GRAMEN leucanthemum, Gerard emac. 47. Parkinfon. 1325. Raii Syn. 346, The Greater Stichwort;
Hudfon Fl. Angl. po 166.
RADIX tenui et infirma radicula, fummo cefpite ge-
niculata reptat, demiffis tamen altius fibris.
CAULES plures, denfe nafcuntur, erecti, pedales, qua-
drati, geniculati, fcabriufculi, fragiles, bafi
pertenues.
FOLIA lanceolato-acuminata, fubconnata, rigidula, in-
ferne carinata, ferrulata, feu potius fetis rigi-
4-2 ds EE
diufculis ciliata, fuperiora adícendentia, mar-
den E i Dou
ginibus revolutis, e coeruleo-virefcentia, infe-
riora crebriora, breviora, deorfum flexa, flava.
FLORES albi, long
gis petiolis fcabriufculis infidentes, e
dichotomia caulis prodeuntes.
CALYX: PrEnriANTHIUM pentaphyllum, foliolis ova-
to-lanceolatis, concavis, marginatis, laevibus,
patentibus, perfiftentibus, fig. 1.
COROLLA: Perava quinque, magna, bipartita, ob-
cordata, alba, nervofa, bafi virefcentia, paten-
fd, 5:02.
STAMINA : FiLAMENTA decem, alba, fubulata, cor-
rollà breviora, alterna glandulà flavefcenti ad
bafin inftru&a: AwrHEm flava, oblonge,
infidentes, fig. 3.
PISTILLUM : Germen fubrotundum: Srvzai tres,
filiformes patentes: STIGMA TAobtufa, fig. 4.
.PERICARPIUM: CAPSULA fubrotunda, membrana-
cea, unilocularis, fexvalvis, fig. 6.
SEMINA plerumque quinque aut fex majufcula, auran-
tiaca, reniformia, pulchre crenulata, fig. 7.
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ROOT weak, flender andjointed, creepson the furface
of the ground, fending down fibres to a confi-
derable diftance.
STALKS feveral, growing thickly together, upright,
a foot high, fquare, jointed, roughifh, brittle,
very flender at bottom.
LEAVES narrow and pointed, at their bafes flightly
uniting, fomewhat ftiff, underneath.keel-fhaped,
ferrated at the edges, or rather edged with very
fine füffhairs or briftles ; the upperleaves grow-
ing fomewhat upright, theedgesturning back,
of a bluifh green colour ; the lower leaves more
numerous, íhorter, bending back, and of a
yellow colour.
FLOWERS white, ftanding on long rough foot-ftalks,
and proceeding from the forked divifion of the
ftalk.
CALYX: a PrnrawTHiUM of five leaves, of an oval
pointed fhape, hollow, edged, fmooth, fpread-
ing and continuing, fig. i;
COROLLA: five white PETArs, large, divided at top;
heart-fhaped, rib'd, green at bottom, fpread-
ing, figs 2.
STAMINA: ten white FILAMENTS, tapering, fhorter
than the corolla, the alternate ones furnifhed
at bottom with a yellowifh gland: ANTHERS
yellow, oblong, fitting on the filaments, fig. 3.
PISTILLUM : Germewn roundifh: SrYLEs three,
thread-fhaped, fpreading : Stigmata bluntifh,
Jg. 4. 0
SEED-VESSEL a roundifh membranous CaPsUuLE,
of one cavity and fix valves, ffe. 6.
SEEDS for the moft part five or fix, largeifh, of a deep
orange colour and beautifully notehed, fig. 7.
"THE Stellaria Holofea grows very common with us, and with its white «delicate bloffoms enlivens our
woods and banks early in the Summer.
Its feeds are very beautiful and like the Chickweed, but larger.
A very pretty Moth, called by the Aurelians the /egfó Yellow Underwing, whofe hiftory is unknown, is
by them frequently caught hovering over the flowers of this plant when the fun fhines ítrong.
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Oxaris AcETOSELLA.. Woop.Sonnzr
OXALIS Linngi Gen. Pil, DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
Cal. 5-phyllus. Petala unguibus connexa. Caps. angulis dehifens, 5-gona,
Raii Syn. Gen. 18. HERB£ FRUCTU SICCO SINGULARI FLORE MONOPETALO.
OXALIS Acetofella {capo unifloro, foliis ternatis obcordatis, radice dentata. Lime. Sy/t. Vegetab. $. 360.
Sp. Pl. 5. 620. Fi. Suecic. m. 406. |
" OXYS fcapo unifloro, foliis ternatis, radice fquamofo-articulata. Haller. hift. $. 402.
OXYS Acetofella. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. n. 561. |
TRIFOLIUM acetofum vulgare. Bauhin. pin. 330. Parkinfon. 746.
OXYS alba. Ger. emac. 1201.
ACETOSELLA et Lujula feu Alleluja Ofic. Ra Sym. 5. *281, Wood-Sorrel.
Hud[on. Fl. Angl. p. 173.
Lightfoot. Fl. Scot. p. 238.
ROOT perennial, horizontal, fcaly, and of a bright
red colour.
LEAVES growing three together, inverfely heart-
fhaped, of a yellowifh green colour, frequent-
ly purple underneath, befet with a few hairs,
and fitting on long foot-ftalks.
LEAF-STALKS about three inches long, nearly up-
right, tender, proceeding from a little bulb
which forms a kind of fheath toit; at bottom
very red and round ; the upper part grooved
on one fide.
FLOWERS white or flefh-coloured, and elegantly
{treaked with red veins.
FLOWER-STALK, fupporting a fingle bloffom, the
length of the leaves, furnifhed near the top
with two oval pointed Bra&ez, which partly
furround it.
CALYX: Pzn1ANTHIUM quinquepartitum, breve, per- CALYX: a Perianruium deeply divided into five feg-
fiftens, maculis purpureis fzepe notatum, laci- ments, fhort and permanent, often {potted
RADIX perennis, horizontalis, fquamofo-dentata, ru- i
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berrima.
FOLIA terna, obcordata, ex flavo-virefcentia, fubtus
feepe purpurea, pilis raris adf{perfa, petiolis
longis infidentia.
PETIOLI palmares, erectiufculi, teneri, e bulbillo
vaginante prodeuntes, ad bafin ruberrimi, te-
retes, fuperne ad unum latus fulcati.
FLORES albi aut carnei, venis rubris eleganter ftriati.
SCAPI uniflori, longitudine foliorum, bra&zis duabus
ovato-acutis vaginantibus prope apicem in-
ftructi.
membranous at the edges, fig. 1.
COROLLA: five PETALSs, affixed to the receptacle
by the claws, which bend a little inward, juft
above the claws “adhering together, blunt,
flightly crenated, and tinged at bottom with
yellow, fig. 2.
STAMINA: ten FILAMENTS, upright and white, the
five exterior ones fhorteft, fig. 3, 4; ANTHE-
| nu yellowiíh, and bilocular, fig. 5.
PISTILLUM : a GERMEN, four corner'd and green:
STYLES five, very flender, and a little longer
than the Stamina: STIGMA T A blunt, fig. 6, 7.
SEED-VESSELL: a CarsuLE fomewhat oval, five
cornered, fpotted, with five cavities, the an-
gles burfting longitudinally, fg. 8, 8.
SEEDS: three in each cavity, heart-fhaped, and
rooved longitudinally, convex on both fides,
of a bright reddifh brown colour, and inclofed
within a fhining white elaftic An1rLus, which
burfting they are thrown out, jig. 9, 9.
COROLLA: PETALA quinque, unguibus paululum
incurvatis receptaculo affixa, et paulo fupra
ungues cohzrentia, obtufa, fubcrenata, bafi
flavedine tincta, fig. 2.
STAMINA: FirAMENTA decem, erecta, alba, quin-
que exterlora breviora, fig. 3, 4: ANTHERJE
flavefcentes, biloculares, fig. 5..
PISTILLUM : GERMEN quinquangulare, viride :
SryL1 quinque capillares, ftaminibus paulo
longiores : STiGMATA obtuía, fig. 6, 7.
PERICARPIUM : CarsvuLA fubovata, pentagona, |
maculata, quinquelocularis, angulis longitudi-
naliter dehifcentibus, fig. 8, 8.
SEMINA : tria in fingulo loculamento, cordata, per
longitudinem ftriata, utrinque convexa, rufa,
ARILLO nitido albo elaftico inclufa, quo dif-
rupto ejiciuntur, fig. 9, 9-
Dd
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IN this little plant, there is a delicacy of ftru&ure fuperior to what we obferve in moft : there are fome circum-
ftances alfo in the oeconomy of the plant not lefs worthy our attention ; and which, Ibelieve, have not hitherto
been noticed. The firft of thefe is the fame procefs, with refpe& to the plants feeding, which we obferve in the
Violets. If this plant be attentively obferved, it will be found to continue producing feed-veffels and feeds, during
the greateft part of the fummer, without any appearance of expanded bloffoms, which are only obfervable at one
particular feafon of the year. As foon as the plant has done flowering, the flower-ftalk, as in many other plants, :
bends down; and when the feed is ripe, again becomes upright. ‘The fecond is, if thefe feed-veffells, when ripe,
are flightly preffed, they open at theangles, and the feeds are thrown out at the apertures ; but not from any
elafticity in the capfule itfelf, which continues unchanged : but the caufe of their propulfion is a {trong white fhi-
ning arillus, which covers the feed, and which burfting, by its elafticity throws the feeds to a confiderable diftance.
There are but few woods about us in which the Wood-Sorrel does not occur. It will not grow in a garden unlefs
it has fhade.
April and May are the months in which it flowers.
It is faid to vary with blueifh and purple-coloured bloffoms.
‘The leaves in wet weather, are expanded; but in dry weather they droop; Linnai Fl. Suecic. ‘They are alfo
faid by fome authors, to manifeft a degree of feufibility on being ftruck. Pofletling a very grateful acid
tafte, fuperior to common Sorrel, they have been ufed as an antifeptic medicine, in malignant fevers, the
{eurvy, and all thofe difeafes in which acids are indicated. The only form at prefent in ufe, is a conferve of the
leaves: but the fyrup, infufion, and juice of the leaves, and the leaves themfelves, have been ufed indifferently.
The effential falt, extracted from it by chryftallization, is made ufe of for taking out iron moulds and {pots of.
ink from linen: for this purpofe, the flained part is dipped in water, fprinkled with a little of the powdered falt,
then rubbed on a pewter plate, after which the {pot is wafhed out with warm water; Newman's Chem. by Lewis.
Twenty pounds of frefh Sorrel leaves yielded fix pounds of juice; from which were obtained two ounces, two
drams, and one fcruple of chryftalline falt; sid.
According to experiments made by Dr. Lob, a piece of human calculus was diflolved in the juice of this
plant in nine days; Ruwzys Mat. Med,
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LYCHNIS DIOICA zom zumo ^ RED Campion.
LYCHNIS Linngi Gen. Pl, Decanpria PENTAGYNIA, |
hzc fpecies vero dioica eft. ;
Cal. 1-phyllus, oblongus, levis. Petala 5 unguiculata. Limbo fubbifido,
Caps. s-locularis.. |
Raii Syn. Gen. 24. "HERBA PENTAPETALJE VASCULIFERJE.
LYCHNIS Pins floribus dioicis. Linnai Syfl. Vegetab. p. 362. Fl. Suecic. p. 156. Sp. Pl. $. 626.
LYCHNIS floribus fexu diftinétis. Haller. hif. n. 923.
LYCHNIS disica. . Scopoli FI. Cae 30.
LYCHNIS fylveftris five aquatica purpurea fimplex. Baubin pin. 204.
LYCHNIS fylveftris flore rubro. Parkinfon. 631. |
LYCHNIS fylveftris rubello fore. Gerard emac. 469. Raii Sym. 339, Red Flowered Wild Campion.
Hudfon FI. ZIngl. 174.
ROOT perennial, the thicknefs of the little finger,
white, of a flightly acrid and bitter tafte, fur-
nifhed with numerous fibres.
STALKS feveral from one root, upright, from one to
three feet high, round, hirfute, jointed, pur-
ple, the joints fwelled, branched, the uppermoft
branches forked.
LEAVES oppofite, connate, oval-pointed, hirfute, and
flightly nervous.
CALYX: a PznrAN THIUM of one leaf, tubular, hairy,
ftriated, purple, having five teeth, and con-
tinuing, fig. 15 in the female more turgid,
RADIX perennis, minimi digiti craffitudine, alba, fa-
pore fubacri et amaro, fibris multis donato.
CAULES ex una radice plures, erecti, pedales, aut tri-
pedales etiam, teretes, hirfuti, geniculati, pur-
purei, geniculis incraflatis, ramofi, ramus fu-
perioribus dichotomis. |
FOLIA oppofita, connata, ovato-acuminata, hirfuta,
fubnervofa.
CALYX: PzniawTHIUM monophyllum, tubulofum,
hirfutum, ftriatum, purpureum, quinqueden-
tatum, perfiftens, ZONES in femine turgidior,
Je. 2. ,
COROLLA : five purphíh heart-fhaped Pe Ars, fpread-
ing, fig. 3: at the bottom of the lamina or
broad part of the petal, are two or four fmall
upright white blunt leaves, or additional petals,
Ge. 2 |
COROLLA: PEerALA quinque obcordata, purpurea,
patentia, fg. 3; ad bafin laminz, unguiculz
obtufz, bifida aut quadrifide, jig. 4.
Ze 4.
STAMINA : ten white tapering Fir AMENTS, of which
five are longer than the others: ANTHERE
yellowifh, fm. 5.
PISTILLUM: Germen oval, furrounded by a Neda-
; rium at bottom, fig. 6: STYLES five, long and
white: Stigmata fimple, fg. 7.
SEED-VESSEL a CapsuLe of one cavity, the mouth
having ten teeth, jig. 8. .
SEEDS numerous, grey and rough, fig. 9.
STAMINA: Firamenta decem fubulata, alba, quo-
rum quinque longiora: ANTHER& flavefcentes,
fie. s.
PISTILLUM: GERMEN ovatum: Neéfario ad -bafin
cinctum, fig. 6: SryLi quinque longi: albi:
villo : Stigmata fimplicia, ffe. 7.
PERICARPIUM: Ca»rsura unilocularis, ore decem-
dentato, fig. 3.
SEMINA plurima, cana, fcabriufcula, fg: 9.
THE Lychnis tribe in general produce both Stamina and Styles in the fame flower; but in this fpecies
we fee a remarkable inftance of the capricious inconftancy of nature, who feems to fpurn the fetters of fyfte-
matic diftin@iion, and laughs at mans attempt of fubjecting her to particular rules; for here the Stamina and
Styles grow on feparate plants; yet they are placed by Linnz#us in his Clafs Decandria. What could he have
done in this cafe? had he placed it under Monoecia, he would have feparated plants evidently of the fame genus:
ftill, however, it may be faid, he would have made the inveftigation of the plant eafier to the botanic ftudent;
nor would it have been the only inftance where plants nearly fimilar are difunited, as in the Avthoxanthum and
Holeus, which evidently belong to the Graffes, yet are in feparate Claffes. --
Exclufive of this fingular variation with regard to the fex, there is a no lefs remarkable difference with
refpe&t to the colour ofthe flowers in different plants; fome being conftantly white and others as conftantly
red: this with fome other circumftances relative to the two plants, has led me to fufpe&t that they are not varie-
ties but diftinct fpecies: cultivation and farther attention to them, willenable me to fpeak of this with more certainty.
The red fort here figured, grows in great abundance in moift fhady ditches and by the fides of hedges,
and fometimes in woods. It flowers in May and June. :
Both the white and red are cultivated when double, and called by the Gardeners about town Batchelors
Buttons, a name which feems with more propriety to belong to fome of the double flowering Crouwfoois, as
the Ranunculus acris and aconitifolius.
The Aurelians, or thofe who collect Infe&s of the Moth and Butterfly kind, frequently catch the Sphinx porcellus,
or fmall Elephant Hawk Moth, on the flowers of this plant in the evening, and where it grows in abundance.
The feeds are liable to be eaten within the feed-veffel, in July and Auguft, by a Caterpillar which produces a
brownifh coloured Moth, not figured, nor I believe hitherto noticed by any Entomologitt.
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Ceraftium femidecandrum. Leaft Moufe-ear Chickweed.
CERASTIUM Linnai Gen, Pl. Decanpria PENTAGYNI1A, |
: Cal. 5-phyllus. Petala bifida. Caps. unilocularis, apice dehifcens.
Raii Syn, Gen. 24. HERB PENTAPETALJU VASCULIFERJ.
CERASTIUM jfemidecandrum floribus pentandris, petalis emarginatis. Li, Syfi. Vegetab, p. 362.
Sp. Pl. 627. FL Suecic. m. 416. |
MYOSOTIS caulefimplici, folis ovatis, hirfutis, tubis ternis, Haller. bill. n. 894.
CENTUNCULZUS femidecander. —Scopol. FJ. Carniol. m. 549. :
MYOSOTIS arvenfis hirfuta minor. Vaillant. tab. 30. fig. 2. "
CERASTIUM hirfutum minus parvo flore. Rav Syn. ed. 3.2. xv. fro. 1. Hudfon. ed. 2. p.200. Ligbtf. 5. 24 t.
RADIX annua, fibrofa, albida.
CAULIS in locis ficciffimis fimplex, biuncialis, ere&us ;
feepius vero ramofus, aut pluribus cauliculis
compofitus, ficut in icone exprimitur ; primo
vere cauliculi fupra muros aut terram expan-
duntur, tandem fubereé&ti, triunciales, aut
etiam femipedales fiunt, colore purpurafcen-
te, et pilis glanduliferis veftiti.
ROOT annual, fibrous, of a whitith colour.
STALK in very dry places is fimple, upright, and a-
bout two inches high ; but more commonly
is branched, or compofed of numerous {mail
ftalks, as expreffed in the figure: thefe early
in the {pring, are expanded on the walls or
earth, finally become nearly upright, three
inches, or fometimes even fix inches high, of
a purplifh colour, and covered with hairs
having glands at their extremities.
LEAVES near the root of an oblong oval fhape, dila-
ted near the top, terminating in a fharp red
point, narrower towards the bafe, and uni-
ting around the ftalk, nearly {mooth, and
grooved down the middle: thofe of the ftalk
oval and villous.
FLORAL-LEAV ES two, hollow, vifcous, and edged
with a membrane, placed under each divi-
fion of the ftalk. à;
ELOWERS white, ftanding on foot-ftalks, and form-
ing a kind of Corymbus.
FLOWER-STALKS villous, and thickened a little
at bottom, while the plant is in flower the
length of the Calyx, and'upright, the flower-
ing over they are bent backward, and become
twice as long, finally they again become up-
right.
CALYX: a PznrAwTHIUM of five leaves, lanceolate,
vifcous, and terminated by a pointed mem-
brane, which is longer than the Corolla,
FOLIA radicalia oblongo-ovata, prope apicem dilata-
ta, acuta, puncto rufo terminata, bafi anguf-
tata, connata, leviufcula, medio per longitudi-
nem fulcata, caulina ovata, villofa.
BRACTE duz, concave, vifcofe, membran4 mar-
ginate, fub fingulà dichotomia caulis.
FLORES albi, pedunculati, fubcorymbofi.
PEDUNCULI villof, ad bafin paululum incraffati,
floreícente planta longitudine calycis, erecti;
peracta florefcentià deorfum fle&untur, et du-
plo longiores evadunt, demum eriguntur.
CALYX : PrnrawTHIUM pentaphyllum, foliolis lan-
ceolatis, membran4 acuminatá Corolla lori-
giore terminatis, vifcofis, fio. 1, 2.
GAs. De
COROLLA: five PETALS, which are oblong, and
fhorter than the Calyx, fharply cut in at top,
and often appearing jagged, jig. 3, 4.
STAMINA: FrirLAMENTs generally five, now and
then fix, feldom more, white, fhorter than
the Corolla: ANTHER# nearly round, of a
yellowith colour, jig. 5.
PISTILLUM : GERMEN oval: Sryzzs five, very fine,
white, and villous: Srigmara fimple, Jigs 6,
COROLLA: PzTALA quinque, oblonga, calyce bre-
viora, apice acuté emarginata, fxpe erofa,
SB 3. 4
STAMINA: FinaMwENTA plerumque quinque, fübin-
de fex, raro plura, alba, Corollà breviora:
ANTHERZ fubrotunde, flavefcentes, fiz. s.
PISTILLUM: GzzMEN ovatum: Srvzz quinque,
capillares, albi, villofi: Sriemara fimpli-
cia, fig. 6, 7. |
PERICARPIUM : Carsura membranacea, fcariofa,
quinquenervis, ore decemdentato, fig. 8.
v
SEED-VESSEL, a membranous CarsvrLE, fonorous
when touched, having five ribs, the mouth
opening with ten teeth, fig. 8.
SEMINA plurima, minima, ovata, flavefcentia, fie. 9; SEEDS numerous, very minute, oval and yellowifh,
10. ¥ fig. 9, 10.
. MUCH praife is due to the great LrwN&vs, for the accuracy with which he has defcribed the more common
Ceraftums, and particularly the prefent fpecies. ‘To Monfieur VA1LLANT the public are alfo much indebted, for
the accurate and elegant figures, which he has given of them in his Flora Parifienfis.
In the third edition of RAv's Synopfis, the Jemidecandrum is added by DirrrEwivs, who has there given a figure
ofit, which, although expreffive ofthe plant as it commonly grows on heaths, yet tends to miflead the ftudent
with an idea, that minutenefs is its chief characteriftic : the defcription alfo has a fimilar tendency. It fays, that
the ftalks are not vifcous, and that it flowers fomewhat later than the vifcofum; whereas in both, the ftalks are
evidently vifcous towards the upper part; the Jemidecandrum alío flowers equally early; and inftead of being lefs
branched, as is there afferted, it is ina common way more fo. It is true that both fpecies, when they grow in
very barren places, (and in which this fpecies feems chiefly to have been fought for,) have only a fimple ftalk,
and often do not arife to the height of two inches.
The femidecandrum is a much more common plant than is generally imagined; and is diftinguithed, particularly
when in bloffom, from all the other Cerafiiums with the greateft facility.
There is fcarce a wall or heath around town, on which this plant may not be found in abundance; particularly
about Hackney; as alfo under Greenwich Park Wall, facing Black-heath, as well as on the heath itfelf. It comes
into bloffom foon after the Draba verna, and, like that plant, foon difappears.
It may be diftinguifhed from the Ceraftiums, when in bloffom, by having only five ftamina, whence its name,
I have fometimes found more; but this number is fufficiently conftant to form a very good ípecific character.
Liwwavs remarks its having ten ftamina, five of which produce no Antherz: thefe I muft confefs never to have
feen. Scorort obferves, that he always found it with ten ftamina, and attributes the want of Antherz in Liw-
NJEUS's five, to the five exterior ones quickly lofing their Anthere. Itis poffible that in Carzze/a, this plant may
occur with ten ftamina; but here, like the Affine, it certainly lofes one half of them. ‘
The petals form a more invariable character, being always fhorter than the calyx, acutely cut in at top, asif a
piece had been taken out with a pair of fciffars, and frequently irregularly jagged or gnawed: they are alfo much
broader than thofe of the Ceraftium vifcofum. . .
The calyx too is often of confiderable ufe in determining this fpecies, (as it may be obferved when neither the fta-
mina or petals are vifible,) at leaft from the vuleatum, its leaves being very thickly covered with hairs, having
glands at their extremities, vid. fig. 1, 2. which glands are altogether wanting in the vuleatum. ‘The membrane
alfo, which terminates the leaves of the calyx, is remarkably long in this fpecies.
T'hefe circumftances, if attended to, together with the remarks to be hereafter made on the Ceraffium vulgatum,
will, it is hoped, enable the ftudent to inveftigatethefe plants, and fix them with certainty.
No virtues are attributed to it: andit is too inconfiderable to be noxious in agriculture.
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Ceraftium vulgatum. Common Moufe-ear - Chickweed.
CERASTIUM Linnai. Gen. Ph DEcANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
Calyx 5-phyllus. Petala bifida. Caps. unilocularis, apice dehifcens,
Raii Syn. Gen. 24. HERBJE PENTAPETALJE VASCULIFERJE,
CERASTIUM vulgatum folis oblongo-ovatis, hirfutis, caulibus diffufis, hirfutie nud.
CERASTIUM vulsatum foliis ovatis, petalis calyci qualibus, caulibus diffufis. Lin. $y/f. Vegetab. p. 262.
$5. Pl. p. 627. FL Suecic. n. 415.
MYOSOTIS folus ovato lanceolatis, petalis calycis longitudine. Haller. Hif. Helv. b. 390. m 893.
MYOSOTIS arvenfis hirfuta, parvo flore albo. Vaillant. Paris. 142. t. 30. f. 1.
ALSINE hirfuta magno flore. Bauhin. pim. 251.
AURICULA muris quorundam flore parvo, vafculo tenuilongo. 7. B. TIL. 359.
ALSINE hirfuta myofotis. ddv. 193. Ra. Sym. 5. 349, Narrow-Leaved Moufe-ear Chickweed,
Hudfon. Fl. Angl. p. 175. ed. 2. f. 200.
Lightfoot. Fl. Scot. 5. 240.
RADIX perennis, fibrofa.
ROOT perennial and fibrous.
, CAULES plurimi, diffufi, teretes, purpurafcentes, hir-
futi, ramofi.
STALKS numerous, Ípreading, round, purplifh, hir-
fute, and branched.
FOLIA Ar[za, inferiora oblongo-ovata, bafi angufta-
ta, carinata, connata, fuperiora ovata, mar-
ginibus fubrevolutis,
LEAVES Bir[ufe; the lowermoft of an oblong oval
fhape, narrowed at the bafe, midrib projeét-
ing on the under fide, uniting around the ftalk; -
the uppermoft leaves oval, the edges fomewhat
rolled back.
CALYX: a Pertantrurum of five leaves, which are
oval and pointed, membranous at the edges,
and purplith at top, covered with hairs which
have no glands at their extremities, fir. 1.
CALYX: Pertantruivom pentaphyllum, foliolis ovato-
: EEUU HIS HOMI.
lanceolatis, margine membranaceis, apice
purpurafcentibus, hirfutis, Airfutie nuda five
glandulis defiituta, fig. 1.
COROLLA : five white Perars, bluntly notched at
top, generally longer than the calyx, yellow-
ifh at bottom, jig. 2.
COROLLA: Perara quinque, alba, obtufe bifida,
calyce plerumque longiora, bafi flavefcentia,
E
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA decem, filiformia, corolla
. breviora; alterna breviora: ANTHER# fub-
rotundz, flave, jig. 3.
STAMINA: ten Firaments, thread-fhaped, and
fhorter than the corolla; the alternate ones
fhorteft; ANTHER# roundifh, and yellow,
Jig. 3-
PISTILLUM : GznMEN roundifh : Srvrzsfive, very
flender and white, gradually leffening to the
bottom: STIGMATA fimple, fig. 4.
PISTILLUM : GERMEN ovatum: Sryzi quinque,
capillares, albi, ad bafin fenfim tenuiores:
STIGMATA fimplicia, fig. 4.
PERICARPIUM : Capsuta ovato-cylindracea, mem-
branacea, paululum recurvata, calyce duplo
fere longior, ore decemdentato.
SEED-VESSEL : a CarsurEovally-cylindrical,mem-
branous, turning up alittle, almoft twice the
length ofthe calyx, the mouth opening with
ten teeth.
SEMINA plurima, flavefcentia, ad lentem fcabriufcu-
SEEDS numerous, yellowifh, appearing roughifh when
la, fig. 5, 6.
magnified, jig. 5, 6.
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THE Ceraftium vulgatum is often confounded with the two {pecies already figured in this work ; viz. the vifcofum
and femidecandrum. ‘Vhe attentive botanift will, however, readily diftinguifh it; particularly when affifted by the
following obfervations.
Firft, this fpecies is certainly perennial; and although it has only a fmall fibrous root, it continues through
the winter, and from the fame root throws out new fhoots; while the other two are ftri&ly annual. Secondly, the
hairs on the ftalks, leaves, and calyx, are much longer and coarfer, than in either of the other two; and what
particularly deferves to be noticed, they are not terminated at the extremity by a vifcous globule, a character alone
fufficient to diftinguifh it—And thirdly, it is not only a larger and more fpreading plant, but alfo with ref; pe& to
fituation more univerfally common.
It 1s fubje& to many variations ; fometimes being very hirfute, at other times but thinly covered with hairs;
and it is faid to have been found by Doopy quite fmooth.t It differs in fize from an inch to two feet. In the
breadth of its leaves alfo, like the Polygonum aviculare, it varies very confiderably. The bloffoms likewife are fub-
ject to vary infize. Ingeneral, the ftronger the plant the fmaller the petals, and vice veríà; hence by the fize of
its petals alone, it is fufficiently diftinguifhed on heaths, where it frequently grows about two inches in height,
and is often taken for the femidecandrum. |
The name given to this plant by Monfieur VAILLANT, is certainly improper; the petals being often twice as
large as either ofthe other two. ‘There is one point alfo in which Linn #us’s obfervation does not accord with ours :
in comparing the leaves with thofe of the vi/cofwm, he fays they are minus lanceolata magifque ovata, the revérfe of
which 1s generally obfervable in our plant.
It comes fully into bloom about May; but may be found in bloffom during the whole of the fummer. It grows
not only on walls, but alfo by the fides of roads, in meadows, and among rubbifh. Like the other Ceraftiums, ik
is not known to be particularly noxious in agriculture; nor has it any virtues to recommend it.
+Raii Sym. ed. 3. px 349s
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Crrastium viscosum. Bmoap.LEAvEDp Mlousk.kAR
CHICK WEED.
CERASTIUM Lzmei Gen. P. DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
Cal 5-phyllus. Petala bifida. Cas. unilocularis apice dehifcens.
Rai Syn. Gem. 24. HERBE PENTAPETALA VASCULIFERZ.
CERASTIUM «ifcofum ere&um villofo-vifcofum. Linnai Sy. Vegetab. p. 362. FI. Suecic. m. 414.
MYOSOTIS hirfuta et vifcofa. Haller bi. m. 895. |
MYOSOTIS hirfuta alterá vifcofa. Vaill. Djs. TAGs 3-00.
ALSINE hirfuta altera vifcofa. (C. Baubin. pm. 251.
ALSINE Co Parkinfon. 768.
ALSINE hirfuta Myofotis latifolia pracocior. Cat. angl.
ALSINE Myofotis humilior et rotundo folio. Merret. pin. ‘The Broader-leaved Moufe-ear Chickweed,
Rai Sym. $. 349. Hüdjon. Fl. Angl. p..175.
RADIX annua, ROOT' annual.
STALK from three inches to a foot in height, branched
at bottom, the middle ftalk upright, the fide
ones bending upward, forked at top, covered
with numerous hairs, each of which is termi-
nated by a gland, whence it becomes flightly
viícid.
CAULIS palmaris ad pedalem, bafi ramofus, medius
caulis erectus, laterales adf{cendentes, dichoto-
mus, pilis glanduliferis veftitus, unde fub vif-
cofus evadit,
LEAVES oval, flightly connate, hoary with a little
clamminefs, at the bottom of theftalk narrower
at the bafe, ofa yellowi(h green colour.
FOLIA ovata, fubconnata, villofo-vifcofa, ad inferio-
rem partem caulis bafi anguftiora, e flavo vi-
re{centia.
FLOWERS, while the plant is young, are clofely
crouded together on the tops of the ftalks to
the number of fifteen or more.
FLORES in fummitatibus caulium planta adhuc in-
fantili arcte ftipantur, ad quindecem aut plures.
CALYX: a Pertantuium of five leaves, which are
of an oval pointed fhape, the length of the
petals, purplifh at top, and covered with vifcid
hairs, fig. 1.
CALYX Periantuium pentaphyllum, foliolis ovato-
acuminatis, longitudine petalorum, apice pur-
purafcentibus, vifcofo-pilofis, jig. 1.
COROLLA : five white PETALSs, oblong, narrow, at
COROLLA : PETALA quinque a. oblonga, angufta,
bottom villous, bifid at top, fig. 2.
bafi villofa, apice bifida, jig. 2.
STAMINA : ten FrrAMENTS, tapering, of which five
are longer than the others, and furnifhed at
bottom with afmall gland, jig. 3, 6.
STAMINA: Fitamenta decem, fubulata, quorum
quinque longiora, bafi glandula inftructa,
Wie Bs is
PISTILLUM: Germen ovatum: StyLi quinque vil-
lofi germine breviores: STIGMATA obtufiuf-
cula, fig. 4, 5.
PISTILLUM: Germen oval: STYLES five, villous,
fhorter than the germen : SrrGMA T A bluntifh,
fe. Ay 5.
SEED-VESSEL a CarsuLE, horn-fhaped, twice the
length ofthe calyx, the mouth furnifhed with
ten. teeth, ee 7.
SEEDS feveral, yellowifh, roundifh, and notched,
Sig: 8, 9.
PERICARPIUM : Ca»PsULA corniformis, ore decem-
| dentato calyce dimidio longiore, jig. 7.
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SEMINA plurima, flavefcentia, fuborbiculata, crenu-
lata, f: 9, 9.
AMONG the plants which are with difficulty diftinguifhed by the young Botanift, we may properly reckon
three of our common Ceraffums, viz. the vifcofum, «vulgatum, and femidecandrium, as all of them have fome
fimilarity in their appearance, occur frequently in the fame fituations, and are fubje& to be much altered. in
their appearance, according to the foil and fituation in which they grow.
The figure which is here given of the vifcofum, veprefents that plant in its medium ftate; on walls it is
found much fmaller; in meadows it is found much larger; and in both thefe fituations, as well as on dry
‘banks and ant hills, it occurs very plentifully, and flowers in the months of April and May, being one of
the earlieft in bloom.
It is diftinguifhed from the others by the upright manner of its growing, by its broad hoary leaves, the
narrownefs of its petals, and the crouded or cluftered appearance ofits flowers before they blow: its leaves alfo
in general are of a paler‘ colour than the reff. :
It is not remarked for any particular ufe; neither is it noxious to the Farmer or Gardener.
Linnazus obferves that the plant is liable to be much disfigured by a fpecies of Chermes.
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Grum vuRBANUM. Common ÁVENS
GEUM lLinwei Gen. Pl. Icosawpria POLYGYNIA.
Cal. 10-fidus. Petala 5. Sem. arifta geniculata.
Raii Syn. Gen. 15. HERBH SEMINE NUDO POLYSPERMA.
GEUM urbanum orbus ere&is, frutibus globofis villofis: ariftis uncinatis nudis, foliis lyratis.
Linnei Syft. Vegetab. p. 399. Sp. Pl. p. 716. Fl. Suecic. p. 179.
GEUM foliis pinnatis, pinna ultima trilobata ; floribus patulis, tubis aduncis. Haller biff. s. 1130.
CARYOPHYLLATA urbana. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. p. 364.
CARYOPHYLLATA vulgaris. Baubin pin. 321.
CARYOPHYLLATA Gerard emac. 995. Parkinfon 136.
Raii Syn. Avens, Herb Bennet.
Hudfon. Fl. Angl. p.198.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. p. 273.
ROOT perennial, fibrous, of a brown colour, with
RADIX perennis, fibrofa, fufca, fapore et odore aro-
the aromatic tafte and fmell of Cloves.
matico Caryophyllorum.
STALKS feveral, from one to two feet high, nearly
upright, a little crooked, flightly angular,
hairy, and branched.
CAULES plures, pedales aut bipedales, fuberecti, pa-
rum flexuofi, fubangulofi, hirfutuli, ramofi.
LEAVES: radical leaves varying very much, moft
commonly pinnated, and ftanding on a foot-
ftalk, the fheath of which 1s edged with hairs,
the outermoft leaf or pinna large, divided a
little way down the leaf, or nearly to the bafe ;
the lateral leaves few, {mall and unequal, all
of them deeply ferrated, veined, and hairy ;
the leaves of the ftalk deeply divided into three
fegments, or entire leaves.
FOLIA radicalia admodum variantia, plerumque vero
pinnata, petiolata, vagina petiolorum ciliata,
pinnà extim4 magna, trilobatà aut tripartità
pinnis lateralibus paucis, parvis, inaequalibus,
omnibus incifo-ferratis, venofis, hirfutulis,
caulina tripartita aut terna.
STIPULZE two, large, of a roundifh figure like the
leaves.
STIPULJE duz, magne, fubrotundz, folis fimiles.
PEDUNCULI folitarii, fubereéti, teretes, hirfutuli. FLOWER-STAKS fingle, nearly upright, round and
hairy.
CALYX: Pzgn1ANTHIUM monophyllum, decemfidum,
patens, laciniis alternis minimis, acutis, hir-
futis, demum reflexis ; laciniis majoribus 1n-
terne villofis, margine craflis, fig. I.
CALYX: a PEnrAN THIUM of one leaf, divided into
ten fegments, and {preading; the alternate
fegments very minute, pointed, hirfute, fi-
nally turning back; the larger fegments vil-
lous on the infide, and thick at the edge,
jig. t.
COROLLA : five roundiíh yellow PET Ars, the length
of the Calyx, at a little diftance from each o-
ther, having very fhort claws, fig. 2.
COROLLA : PETALA quinque rotunda, flava, longi-
tudine calycis, remota, unguibus breviflimis,
jig. 2.
STAMINA: FrrzAMENTA plurima, flavefcentia, fubu-
lata, calyci affixa, primum inflexa, demum
erecta: ANTHERJZ fubrotunde, flavz, de-
mum fufca, fig. 3, 4.
STAMINA: FrLAMENTS numerous, of a yellowifh
colour, tapering, affixed to the Calyx, atfirft
bending inward, laftly becoming upright:
ANTHERJE roundifh, of a yellow colour, fi-
nally brown, fig. 3, 4.
PISTILLUM: Germina numerous, collected into a
head, hairy: SryLeE jointed in the middle, a
little thickened at top: ST1GMA fimple, jig. 5.
PISTILLUM: Germina numerofa, in capitulum col-
lecta, pilofa: SrvLvs medio geniculatus, a-
pice paululum incraflato: Sricma fimplex,
IB: 5.
SEMINA numerofa, compreffa, hifpida, Stylo longo ge-
niculato ariftata, fig. 6, receptaculo paleaceo
infidentia, fig. 7.
SEEDS numerous, flattened, hifpid, terminated by a
long Arifta, crooked near the extremity,
jig. 6, ícated on a hairy receptacle, jig. 7.
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THE Geum urbanum isa very common plant with us, in woods and hedges, flowering from May to September.
The root poffeffes a degree of aftringency, joined to an aromatic flavour like that of Cloves, whence its name of
Caryophyllata.
Infufed in beer, it renders it more fragrant, and prevents it from foon turning four; Lismei FI. Suecic.
Chewed in the mouth, it takes off from a difagreeable breath ; Rutty. Mat. Med.
An infufion of the root in water, given in malignant fevers, has been attended with bad effe&s, producing deli-
rium: but an infufion of the root in wine, ftrengthens the ftomach and bowels, and is ferviceable in the diarrhea
and dyfentery, wounds, chronic difeafes arifing from a laxity of fibre, and intermitting fevers ; Haller hift. p. 53. t. 2.
The root is faid to poflefs the moft virtue when it grows in a dry fituation.
It is eaten by Kine, Goats, Sheep, and Swine; but not readily by Horfes.
It is diftinguifhed from our other Geum by its yellow flowers.
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ADONIS AUTUMNALIS PHEASANTS.EY E.
ADONIS ZL/muei Gen. Pl, Pot v ANDRIA POLYGYNIA:
Cal. s-phyllus, Peiala quinis plura abfque nectario. Sem. nuda.
Rait Syn. Gen. 1 s. HERBE SEMINE NUDO POLYSPERMA.
ADONIS autumnalis foribus o&opetalis, fru&ibus fubcylindricis. Linnai Syfl. Vegetab. p. 427. Spr
UU. opc pe
ADONIS radice annua, flore oftopetalo. Haller hift. s. 1158.
ADONIS autumnalis. Scopolt Flor. Carniol. m. 677.
ADONIS hortenfis, flore minore atrorubente. Bauhin Pin. 178.
FLOS ADONIS Parkinfon Parad. 293.
FLOS ADONIS flore rubro.
Gerard emac. 387. Rau Syn. 251, Adonis Flower, Red Maithes.
Hudfon Fl. Angl. ed. 2. p. 239.
RADIX annua, craffitie digiti minimi, fufiformis,
paucis fibrillis inftru&a.
CAULIS pedalis, ere&us, fubangulatus, fiftulofus,
purpurafcens, villofus, ad bafin ufque ramo-
fus.
RAMI plurimi, fparfi, cauli fimiles, ere&i, caulem.
primo florentem plerumque fuperantes.
FOLIA alterna, e flavo viridia, infima petiolata, fu-
. prema fefflia, pinnata, pinnis multifidis, ca-
pillaribus, acutis, fubtus nitidis.
CALYX: PzenriAWwTHIUM pentaphyllum, foliolis fub-
ovatis, obtufis, inzequalibus, concavis, purpu-
reis, deciduis, corolla brevioribus, apicibus
dentato-erofis, fig. I, 2.
COROLLA: PETArLo oco, raro plura, fzpe pauciora,
inzqualia, obcordata, coccinea, apice erofa,
bafi interne nigra, externe viridante, fig. 4, 4,
STAMINA : FILAMENTA plurima, quadraginta cir-
citer, filiformia, alba; ANTHER ovate, ob-
tufz, incurvate, comprefle, atropurpurez :
PoLLEN croceum, jig. 5.
PISTILLUM : Germiwa plurima, in capitulum bre-
ve fubconicum imbricatim congefta, erecta:
STIGMATA acuta reflexa, fig. 6, 7.
SEMINA fubangulata, acuta, reticulato-rugofa.
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ROOT annual, the thicknefs of the little finger, ta-
pering, furnifhed with few fibres.
STALK about a foot high, upright, fomewhat angu-
lar, hollow, purplifh, hoary, branched quite
to the bottom.
BRANCHES numerous, placed irregularly on the ftalk,
which they refemble, upright, and general’y
taller than the ftalk producing the firft flower,
LEAVES alternate, of a yellowifh green colour; the
lower ones ftanding on foot-ftalks; the upper
ones feffile, pinnated; the pinnz divided in-
to numerous capillary fegments, pointed, and
fhining on the under fide.
CALYX: aPznrANTHIUM of five leaves, which are
fomewhat oval, obtufe, unequal, hollow,
purple, deciduous, fhorter than the corolla,
the tips appearing as if bitten, jig. 1. 2.
COROLLA: eight PgrArs, feldom more, oftener
fewer, unequal, inverfely heart-fhaped, fcar-
let, the tip irregularly notched, the bottom
internally black, externally greenith, fig. 3, 4.
STAMINA: FiraMENTS numerous, about forty,
thread-fhaped, and white: AmwTHER oval, —
obtufe, bending inward, flattened, of a black-
ifh purple colour: PorrEw ofa faffron colour,
PB 5.
PISTILLUM: Gzruina numerous, upright, col-
le&ed one over another into a fhort head,
fomewhat conical: ST1GMA'rA pointed, the
points turned back, jig. 6, 7.
fomewhat angular, pointed, with a kind of
network wrinkled appearance.
SEEDS
THE Pheafants-eye has a peculiar claim to an infertion in the Flora Londinenfis, as it is one of thofe plants
which are annually cried about our ftreets, under the name of red Morocco: it may neverthelefs be doubted,
whether it has not originally been conveyed from the garden to the dungheap, and from thence become
an ornamental annual weed in many of the corn-fields in Kent, and other Counties adjacent to London, in which
it feems as much at home, as the Ranunculus arvenfis, or Corn Crowfoot.
There is no plant more variable in its Petals, both with refpe& to number and fize; they therefore form
a bad fpecific character.
It flowers in May, and the feed is ripe in June; hence there appears an evident impropriety in calling
this fpecies autumnalis: it will moft probably be found, that the autumnals and afivalis are the fame.
In the gardens, (where it is common,) it ufually flowers through great part of the Summer.
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Anemone Nemorosa. Woop A NEMONY.
ANEMONE Linnai Gen. Pl. POLYANDRIA PoLYGYNIA.
Cal o. Petala 6-9. Sem. plura
Rai Gen. 15. HrmRE SEMINE NUDO POLYSPERME. '
ANEMONE Nemorofa feminibus acutis, (foliolis incifis, caule unifloro. Linnai. Syf. Fagetab. f. 425.
Flora Suecic. y 190.
ANEMONE feminibus nudis, caule unifloro, folis radicalibus nullis, caulinis quinque-partitis, lobis
tripartitis inieifis, Haller. Hf. Helv. 2. p. 64.
ANEMONE Nemorofa. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. p. 383. m. 660.
ANEMONE fylveftris alba major. Bauhin Pin. 176.
ANEMONE nemorum alba. Gerard emac. 383.
RANUNCULUS nemorofus albus fimplex. Parkinfon. 325. Rai Syn. 259, Wood Anemony. Hudfon
Fl. Angl. 208. Oeder FL Dan. tab. 549.
ROOT round, creeping obliquely under the furface of the
earth, the thicknefs ofa crow quill, externally
chefnut colour'd, internally white, brittle,
furnifhed with brown fibres.
RADIX teres, perterram oblique repens, craflitie pen-
nz coracis, externe caftanea, intus alba, fragilis,
" fibnlhs fuícis przedita.
STALK round, fimple, about three inches high, pur-
plifh, covered with foft hairs, and bearing
three leaves.
CAULIS teres, fimplex, triuncialis circiter, purpuraf-
cens, pilis mollibus veftitus, trifoliatus.
LEAVES growing three together, flightly hairy iem
neath, formed of three fegments; the fide
lobes divided nearly down to the bafe.
FOLIA terna, fubtas hirfutula, tripartita, lobis incifis,
lateralibus fere ufque ad bafin divifis.
FOOT-STALKS of the leaves fhort, and forming a
kind of fheath. ——
PETIOLI breves, vaginantes.
SCAPUS uniflorus, nutans. - FLOWER-STALK fupporting one flower, and droop-
3 ing at top.
CALYX nullus. CALYX wanting.
COROLLA: PETALA fex aut feptem, oblongo-ovata,
alba, fubtus incarnata, patentia, fubemargi-
nata, fig. I.
COROLLA : fix or feven PETArs, of an oblong oval.
fhape, white, underneath purplifh, fpreading,
füghtly notched in at top, ffe. 1. — —
STAMINA: FrLAMENTS numerous, unequal, very
{mall, thread fhaped and white: ANTHERE
yellow, roundifh, of two cavities, flattifh,
PoLLEN white, fig. 2, 3.
STAMINA: FirLAMENTA numerofa, inzqualia, ca-
pillaria, filiformia, alba: ANTHEm flave
fubrotundz, biloculares, compreflz : PorrgN
album, jig. 2, 3.
PISTILLUM : Germina in capitulum colle&a, ovata,
villofa: Sryxzz fubulati, incurvati: STIGMA
fimplex, jig. 4, 5.
PISTILLUM: Germina collected into a little head,
oval, villous: StyLes tapering and bending
downwards: STIGMA fimple, fig. 4, 5.
SEMINA plurima, nuda, oblonga, hirfuta, mucrone
incurvo, fig. 6, 7, auct.
SEEDS feveral, naked, oblong, hairy, the top bending
downwards, jig. 6, 7, magnified.
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FROM the obfervations of feveral Authors, the Wood Anemone may be confidered as a poifonous plant.
According to Linnaeus, Cattle which have been brought from open to woody paftures, and have eaten of this
plant, have been affected with the bloody Flux, and have made bloody Urine. Harrzn informs us, that in
Kamt{chatka, the inhabitants are faid to poifon their Arrows with a fpecies of Anemone, the wounds from
which produce certain death.
The Wood Anemone produces its flowers early in the Spring. In moft of our Woods the ground is nearly covered
with them, in the months of April and May. In fine clear weather the blofioms are expanded, and become fo erect
as to face the fun; but in the evening, and in wet weather, they are. clofed and hang down, whereby the delicate
parts of the flower are fecured from injury.
The chief variation obferved in it, is the colour of its Petals, which are fometimes quite white: and ac-
cording to Merret, they occur in Devonfbire wholly red: both forts, particularly when double, are cultivated
by the Gardeners: and were the fame pains to be taken with it, as with fome of our foreign Auemomies, it
might probably be very much improved in the eye of the Florift
The leaves of divers plants, particularly the Euphorbia Heliofcopia, are fubje& to be covered with fmall yel-
low dots, the effects of fome Infect: this alfo fometimes happens to the Wood Anemone. In C. BauHINE, we
find it mentioned under the name of Anemone nemorofa frerilis folis punétatis. "This variety 1s. fomewhat un-
fortunately figured in DirrEwius's edition of Ray’s Symoffs, and defcribed as a Fern, to which it certainly
_has no pretenfions, as is evident from the irregularity of its dots. .
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RaNUNCULUS FIC42I4 PritEWORT.
^ RANUNCULUS Linnei Gen Pl PoryAnpria PonvGYSNiA:
Cal. s-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Sem. plurim. Petala ungue ne&arifero,
Rai Syn. Gen, 15. HERBA sEMINE NUDO PoLysPERMa@.
RANUNCULUS PFicária foliis cordatis angulatis petiolatis. Lzzmez Syfl. Vegetab. p. 428. Fl. Suecic: $193
FICARIA. Bir bift. helo. m. 1160. Hudlon Fl. Angl. p. 213: |
RANUNCULUS Ficaria. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. p. 395.
GHELIDONIA ‘rotundifolia minor, Bab Pin 309:
CHELIDONIUM minus. Gerard emac: 816: Parkinfon 617. | Rai Sym. 246, Pilewort or the leffer
Celatidine: Oeder FJ. Dam. icon. 469.
ROOT tuberous, the knobs or bulbs numerous, croud-
ed, of a pale colour, fomewhat pear-fhaped,
fometimes fhort, fometimes extended to a con-
fiderablelength ; from the top of them arife
.. .,,. many {mall fibrous roots.
STALKS numerous, four inches or more in length,
tender, fmooth, red at bottom, branched, de-
cumbent, fcmetimes even creeping, from little
| bulbs in the bofoms of the leaves taking root.
LEAVES next the root of a roundifh heart-fhaped figure,
variable, ftanding on long foot-ftalks, fometimes
{potted with white, imooth and fhining ; the
veins on the upper fide of the leaf prefled in,
differently notched in different leaves ; thofe
of the ftalk triangular with an angular mar-
1n.
FOOT-STALKS of the flowers, fuftaining one flower
on each, grooved, when the bloflorn is fallen
bending backwards.
CALYX : a PEnrANTHIUM of three leaves, which ate
hollow and deciduous, and embrace the top of
the ftalk, jig. 1.
COROLLA : generally eight PE&TALs; which vary ex-
ceedingly in their form, moft commonly of an
oval-pointed fhape, yellow and fhining, fe. 2, 2.
STAMINA: FiLAMENTS numerous; ANTHERJ/E yel-
low, oblong and flat, fig. 6, 7.
PISTILILUM : Germina numerous, forming a little
head; Stigmata very fmall, fe. 8.
SEEDS numerous, fomewhat oval, moft commonly
abortive, fig. 9:
NECTARY a little feale at the bafe of the petals,
SR» Ay 5s |
RADIX tuberofa, tuberibus numerofis, congeftis, pal-
lidis, fubpyriformibus, modo brevibus, modo
longe protenfis ; efummo tuberum oriuntür fi-
bulle plurima.
CAULES plures, palmares et ultra, teneri, glabri; ad
bafin rubri, ramofi, decumbentes, nonnunquam
etiam repentes, bulbillis in axillis folorum
radicantibus.
FOLIA radicalia fabrotundo-cordata, variantia, longe
petiolata, maculis albis interdum notata, gla-
bra, venis fuperne impreflis, fubcrenata, caulina
fubtriangularia, angulofa. |
PEDUNCULI uniflori, fulcati, pera&à florefcentià re-
curvati.
CALYX: PzarAwTHIUM triphyllum foliolis concavis,
deciduis, bafi fua caulem amplectentibus, jig. 1.
COROLLA: PrrALA plerumque octo, quoad formam
valde variantia, plerumque vero ovato-lanceo-
lata, lutea, nitida, fig. 2, 3.
STAMINA : FiLAMENTA numerofa ; ANTHERZ flavae,
oblonge, comprefle, fig. 0, 7.
PISTILLUM : Germina numerofa, in capitulum collec-
ta; STIGMATA parva, fig» 8.
SEMINA plurima fubovata fzpius abortiva, jig. 9.
NECTARIUM íquamula ad bafin petalorum, jig. 4, 5.
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BOTANISTS feem very much divided in their opinions refpecting the genus of this plant, fome making it
a Ranunculus, others a genus diftin& from it. ‘Thofe who object to its being a Ranunculus urge its not having the
characters of that genus; that the Calyx, inftead of having five leaves, has only three, while the Petals are more
numerous thanin the Crosvfoots : this isgranted : butis a deficiency in, or an addition toany of the parts of the fructifi-
cation, a fufficient reafon for founding a new Genus? I fhould apprehend not; for fuch inftances we meet with in
plants almoft every day : habit and peculiar characteriftics are more to be attended to: and in this cafe, its glofiy
Petals, with its fquamula or fcale at the bafe ofeach; its grooved peduncles joined to its general appearance, feem
fully to jufüfy the great reformer of Botany in making it a Ranunculus.
Although the Calyx in general has only three leaves, it fometimes occurs with four and five.
As the Pilewort blows earlier than any of our other Crowfoots, itis liable to have its parts of fructification injured
by the inclemency of the weather, to fecure it from which, 1t has a power of clofing it Petals in a much, greater
degree than the others, and in this ftate we ufually find it in the mornings and evenings, and in wet weather ; and
may not nature to produce this effet deviate from the ufual ftru&ure of the flowers of this genus? Is not the Calyx
by being in three leaves ftronger than if it had been in five And will not the Petals by being more numerous make
lefs refiftance to the clofing power of the Calyx?
‘Jn its firft appearance in the Spring, this plant is (mall and extends but little ; but in the month of May, parti- -
cularly by the fides of moift ditches, it grows much more luxuriantly, and in this ftate, fmall bulbs, like grams of
wheat, are obfervable in the bofoms of the leaves, which, as the ftalks he on the ground, get into the earth, and
become the tuberous roots of young plants: this provifion of nature for its encreafe, feems the more neceflary, as it
is but feldomthat its feeds come to perfe&ion, Now and thenahead with perfect feeds is obfervable, and when the plant
ftands fingly, the ftalk fupporting them bends towards the ground, fo that the feeds may infinuate themfelves: thus
nature appears to have been abundantly careful in its prefervation.
The Roots, like thofe of the Orchis and other bulbous plants, are rehewed every year.
— [n fome Meadows, Paftures and Orchards, it very much abounds, to the exclufion of more ufeful plants: as
Cattle do not appear to eat it, it would be good hutbandry to dig it up, and fow the ground with fuch plants as are
nore beneficial. | I PST |
The particular form of its roots feems firft to have introduced it asa medicine for the Piles, in which diforder,
like many other remedies more rationally recommended, it may palhate, but will Ícarcely effect à cure.
It is cultivated in Gardens with a double flower. |
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RaNuNCULUS HiRsUTUS. PaALE.LEAvED Chowroor.
RANUNCULUS Airfuius radice fibrofa annua, caule hirfuto, calycibus papillofo-hifpidis acuminatis,
demum reflexis.
RANUNCULUS re&us foliis pallidioribus hirfutus. 5. Baubi. 111. 417. Raii Sym. p. 247, Upright
pale-leaved Crowfoot. RaZ Hip. Plant. po 582.
FROM having repeatedly obferved, and carefully cultivated this plant, I find it to be perfe&ly diftin&
from the dulbofus, of which it is made a variety by fome authors; 'though Ray and Bauurtne long fince
confidered' it as diftind.
As its füff hairs are one of its charaéteriftics, and conftitute a part of its name in BauniwE, I have
made that its trivial name; and íhall by way of contraft, enumerate the feveral particulars in which it differs
from the bulbofus, to which in its general appearance it is nearly allied.
The root of the dulbofus, which forms one of the chief charaéters of that plant, is round and folid like a
fmall turnip, remaining in the ground from year to year, and annually fending up new flowering ftems :
the root of the Am/uius on the contrary is fimply fibrous and annual.
The ftalk of the Air/utus is generally more branched and fpreading, producing a greater number of flowers,
and covered with ítiffer and longer hairs, than in the Zu/bofus: the hairs indeed in the latter plant are more
numerous and foft, approaching to pubefcence or downinefs, while in the former they are more rigid, or ap-
proaching to'hifpidity. The foot-ftalks of the bottom leaves in the Airfutus are hollow, and if cut afunder,
the nerves appear projecting into the infide of the tube; the leaves themfelves are more perfectly trilobate
than in the Zw//efzs; the middle and outermoft lobe rounder, and lefs deeply divided at the edges. From
the inner edge of each of the two fide lobes a bit appears as if cut away. Thefe leaves are frequently of a
white or pale colour, in irregular fpots, not unlike what we fometimes meet with in the Ranunculus Ficaria 3
and the upper furface is full of little proje&uing points, from whence the hairs iffue,
- We come now to a chara&er which this plant has in common with tlie bulbofus, viz. its reflexed calyx :
this has been the caufe of its having been confidered by moft botanifts as the dulbo/us : not finding in LiNN vs
any me Ranunculus with a reflexed calyx, without any farther examination they concluded this to be the fame: -
But although the calyx when turned back refembles that of the bulbofus, yet before the opening of the flower
3t is effentially different, being much more pointed, or as if it had been {queezed to a point with the fingers ;
and the outfide of itis very vifibly covered with little papille or projecting points, from whence the hairs proceed.
The flowers of this plant, as well as the feed, are alfo fmaller than thofe of the Zu/bofus.
Such are the chara&ers whereby thefe two plants may with attention be diftinguithed,
Nor do they differ lefs'in their places of growth and times of flowering. The éulbo/us grows in dry pattures,
and flowers in the month of May. "The A/rfutus flourifhes more by the fides of roads, in gardens, and rubbifh,
flowering from June to the end of the year.
I have obferved this plant growing in great plenty by the fide of the road betwixt Croydon and Mitcham;
and I remember to have feen it near Gravefend; and plentifully by the fea-fide; on the gravelly banks about
Southampton; alfo in various places near London: and there is no doubt but it is a much more common plant than
botanifts may imagine.
No particular ufes have been attributed to it,
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Ranuncutus Auricomus. Woop Crowroor.
RANUNCULUS Limei Gen. pl. Pocyanpria Potycynia. Cal. 5 phyllus. Perala $ infra ungues
poro melhfero. Sem. nuda.
Rai Syn. Gn 15 HERBIX SEMINE NUDO POLYSPERMA.
RANUNCULUS auricomus folis radicalibus fubreniformibus, tripartitis, acute crenatis, caulinis digitatis
linearibus.
RANUNCULUS auricomus folis radicalibus reniformibus crenatis incifis, caulinis digitatis linearibus,
caule multifloro. Linnei Syft. Vegetab. p. 429. Fl. Suecic. 194.
RANUNCULUS foliis radicalibus integris et femitrilobatis rotunde crenatis, caulinis multipartitis lineari-
bus integerrimis. Haller. hifi. n. 1177.
RANUNCULUS auricomus. Scopoli Fl Carn. m. 687.
RANUNCULUS nemorofus vel fylvaticus folio rotundo Baubin pin. 178.
RANUNCULUS auricomus Ger. emac. 954.
RANUNCULUS nemorofus dulcis fecundus Tragi Parkinfon 326. Fufchü Icom. 156. opt. Rau Sym.
B. 248. Sweet Crowfoot or Goldilocks. Hudjon. Fl. Angl. p. 211.
RADIX perennis, fubpramorfa, mitis, fapore fubdulci
Glycyrrhize accedenti, fibris multis capillari-
bus inftructa.
CAULIS pedalis, erectus, dichotomus aut trichotomus,
teres, glaber, bafi purpureus.
FOLIA lzvia, radicalia petiolis longis infidentia, fubreni-
formia, mire variantia, integra, tripartita aut
etiam quinquepartita, plerumque vero tripartita
lobis àcute crenatis, caulina inferiora pedata,
lobis latis, tripartitis aut quadripartis, dentatis,
fuperiora feffilia, linearia, fubintegerrima, am-
plexicaulia.
PETIOLI teretes, pubefcentes.
CALYX: Pertanrsivm pentaphyllum, foliolis ovatis,
concavis, flavefcentibus, patentibus jig. 1.
COROLLA: PrrarA quinque, fubrotunda, flava;
unguibus parvis. fig. 2.
NECTARIUM: fovea fine íquamulà ad bafin petalo-
rum, fupra ungues.
STAMINA: FrnLAMENTA plurima, bafi anguftiora ;
Ax'THERJE oblonge, flava, compreflze, incur-
vate; duas aut tres vidi connatas. jig. 3. 5.
auc.
PISTILLUM: Germina numerofa in capitulum col-
le&a; Sriemata reflexa, minima. fe. 4.
SEMINA, fufca, cotnprefía, apicibus reflexis. fig. 6.
Diftinguithed from the other Crowfoots by its growing in Woods;
ROOT perennial, fomewhat ftumped, mild, with a tafte
fomewhat refembling liquorice, furnifhed
with many {mall fibres.
STALK about a foot high, upright, dividing into two
or three branches, round, fmooth and purplifh
at bottom.
LEAVES at the bottom of the ftalk fmooth, fitting on
long footftalks, fomewhat kidney fhaped, vary-
ing exceedingly, being fometimes entire, fome-
times divided into three, or even five lobes,
but moft commonly tripartite ; the lobes acute-
ly crenated ; the leaves towards the bottom di-
vided nearly to the bafe, with three or four
fegments, indented; the uppermoft leaves
feffile, linear, almoft entire, and embracing
the ftalk,
FOOT-STALKS of the leaves round and pubefcent.
CALYX: a Perranruivm of five leaves, the leaves
oval, concave, yellowith, and fpreading. jig. 1.
COROLLA five roundifh yellow petals, with fmall un-
gues or claws, fig. 2.
NECTARY : a depreffion without any ícale, at the
bottom of the petals above the Claws.
STAMINA: FILAMENTS numerous, narrow at bot-
tom; ANTHER# oblong, yellow, flattened,
and incurvated. lobíerved two or three grow-
ing together. fig. 3. 5. magnified.
PISTILLUM: Germina numerous, collected into a
little head ; STIGMA T A {mall and reflexed.fg. 4.
SEEDS brown, flat with a reflexed point. jig. 6.
(though I have fometimes found it in boggy
meadows,) by its Calyx being nearly as yellow as its petals, and not turning back as in the Zu/ofus ; the Neétary
at the bottom of the petals a final oblique hole running downwards, not cover d with any {quamula ; the bottom
leaves of the plant more entire, and thofe at the top narrower than in moft of the other Crowfoots ; the footftalks
of the flowers not grooved ; the Petals often wanting, particularly when cultivated in Gardens, or not fheltered by
Trees.
It flowers in April and May; and is not particularly diftinguifhed for its Ufes or Beauty.
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Ranun CULUS SCELERATUS. CELERY-LEAV’D CRowr OOT.
: :
RANUNCULUS Lin. Gen. P]. Poryvanpria PoLyGyNiAc
Raii Syn. Gen. 15. HERBA SEMINE NUDO POLYSPERMZ.
RANUNCULUS feeleratus foliis inferioribus palmatis ; fummis digitatis, fru ibus oblongis. Lin. Syff.
Vegetab. b. 429. Sp. Pl. p. 256. FL Suecic. p. 194. s". 499.
RANUNCULUS foliis levibus, femitrilobatis, rotunde ferratis, fru&u ovato. Haller biff. b. 74. 2, 1175.
RANUNCULUS feeleratus. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. n. 688.
RANUNCULUS paluftris apii folio levis. Baubin. pin. 180.
RANUNCULUS paluftris rotundifolius. Ger. emac. 962.
RANUNCULUS paluftris fardonia levis. Parkinfom 1215. Ra Syn. f. 249. Round-leaved , Water
Crowfoot.
Hudfon Fl. Angl. $. 212.
Oeder Dan. icon. $70.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. 5. 291. Celery-leaved Crowfoot.
ee a eee a I ——o UT —-—» s E ETE OS
RADIX annua, fibrofiffima, fibris albidis. ROOT annual, exceedingly fibrous, the fibres whitifh.
CAULIS ere&us, pedalis ad bipedalem, infigniter craf-
fus, fiftulofus, levis, ramefus.
STALK upright, from one to two feet high, remark-
ably thick, hollow, fmooth, and branched.
LEAVES: radical leaves fitting on long foot-ftalks,
fhining, fomewhat flefhy, divided into three
lobes; the lobes trifid, and roundly notched ;
ftalk-leaves nearly feffile, and palmated; up-
permoft leaves elliptical.
FOLIA radicalia longe petiolata, nitida, fubcarnofa,
trilobata, lobis trifidis rotunde crenatis ; cau-
lina fubfeffilia, palmata; fuprema elliptica.
FLORES exigui, flavi. FLOWERS {mall and yellow.
CALYX: a PEnrAN THIUM of five leaves, the leaves
CALYX: Periantuiv pentaphyllum, foliolis ovatis,
oval, hollow, yellowifh and deciduous, fig. 1.
concavis, flavefcentibus, deciduis, fig. 1.
COROLLA: five fmall, oval, yellow, fhining PET Ars,
COROLLA: PETALA quinque, parva, ovata, flava,
the fize of the Calyx, and deciduous, jig. 2.
nitida, magnitudine calycis, decidua, fig. 2.
NECTARY, a depreffion or pore at the bafe of each
Petal, furrounded by a prominent margin,
jig: 31
STAMINA: FriraMENTs numerous, feldom more
than twenty, flender at bottom: ANTHERE
yellow, flat and bilocular, jig. 5.
NECTARIUM: Fovea marginata, ad bafin cujufvis
petali, fig. 3.
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA plurima, raro ultra viginti,
bafi tenuiora: ANTHERJ flava, comprefle,
- biloculares, Jig. 5.
PISTILLUM: Germina numerous, collected toge-
ther into an oblong head: STIGMATA very
minute, fitting on the Germina.
PISTILLUM: Germina numerofa, in capitulum ob-
longum, collea: STIGMATA minima, ger-
minibus infidentia.
SEEDS numerous, flat, oval and pointed, fmall, affix-
SEMINA plurima, comprefía, ovato-acuminata, par-
ed to an oblong receptacle, jig. 6.
va, receptaculo oblongo affixa, jig. 6.
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THIS fpecies is diftinguifhed from the other Crowfoots, by its growing in or near the water, by its broad
fhining bottom leaves, thick ftalk, {mall yellow flowers, and fmooth oblong feed-heads. MEN
The leaves and flowers poffefs a confiderable degree of acrimony, fo as even to blifter the fkin, if applied to
it: chewed in the mouth, they inflame and chop the tongue: nor have their effe&s been lefs violent when taken
into the ftomach. It is fufpe&ted to have proved poifonous to fheep. Haller bifl. helo. $. 75.
It begins to flower in May and June, and continues in bloffom all the Summer, by the fides of ponds and ditches.
It is eaten by goats, but refufed by kine, fheep, and horfes, Linn, Amen. Acad.
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Ajuca REPTANS Common BucLe
AJUGA Lue: Gen. Pl. DiDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIAs
Corolle labium fuperius minimum. Stamina labio fuperiore longiora.
Raii Syn. Gen, 14. SUFFRUTICES ET HERB VERTICILLATZ,
AJUGA ftolenibusreptantibus. Linnai Sp. Pl. $. 705.
BUGULA foliis ovato dentatis, flagellis reptans. Haller bij. te 282.
BUGULA reptans. Scofoli FI. Carmiol. m. 716.
- CONSOLIDA media pratenfis coerulea.
BUGULA vulgaris. Parkinfon 525.
Baubin. pin. 260.
BUGULA Gerard emac. 631. Rai Sym. p. 245, Bugle. Hudfon Fl. Angl. p. 219.
RADIX perennis, fibrofa.
STOLONES plurime, repentes, ex fuperiore parte ra-
dicis naícuntur.
CAULIS erectus, femipedalis, quadratus, hirfutus, pre-
fertim inter flores, purpureus.
FOLIA oppofita, ovata, bafi anguftiora, connata, den-
tata, venofa, fzepe purpurea et nitida ; Bra&teze
purpurez, folis fimiles at minores et breviores.
FLORES coerulei, fpicati, verticillati.
CALYX: PzurAN THIUM monophyllum, femiquinquefi-
. dum, pilofum, nervofum, coerulefcens, laci-
niis fubeequalibus, acutis, duobus inferioribus
magis approximatis, fig. I.
COROLLA monopetala, ringens, tubus cylindraceus,
incurvus, labium fuperius breviffimum, bi-
dentatum, inferiustrifidum, fubtus hirfutulum,
coeruleum, venis albis pictum, fig. 2, 3. —
STAMINA: FiraMENTA quatuor alba, recta, labio
fuperiore longiora: ANTHER® flavz, jig. 3.
PISTILLUM: Germen quadripartitum : STYrvs fi-
liformis, fitu et longitudine Staminum : STIG-
MA bifidum, minimum, jig. 4, 5, 6.
NECTARIUM Glandula flava ad bafin Germinis unde
Calyx fubventricofus fit, fig. 7.
SEMINA quatuor, ovata in fundo Calycis, jig. 8.
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ROOT perennial and fibrous.
CREEPERS or fhoots, in great numbers fpring from
the upper part of the root, and creep on the
ground.
upright, about fix inches high, fquare, hairy,
particularly among the flowers, of a purple
colour, |
STALK
LEAVES oppofite, oval, narroweft at bottom and join-
ing together, indented at the edges, veiny,
often purple and fhining; Floral-leaves like
the others, but fmaller and fhorter.
FLOWERS blue, growing in whirled fpikes.
CALYX a Perranruium of one leaf, half divided in-
to five fegments, hairy, nervous, blueifh ; the
fegments nearly equal, fharp; the two lowef-«
moft approaching neareft together, ffe. 1.
COROLLA of one Peta, gaping, the tube cylin-
, drical, bent downward; the upper lip very
fhort, with two teeth; the lower lip trifid,
a little hairy underneath, of a blue colour,
painted with white veins, fig. 2, 3.
STAMINA: four white Frraments, ftrait, longer
than the upper lip of the Corolla: ANTHER«
yellow, fig. 3.
PISTILLUM: Germen divided into four parts: SrvrE
thread-fhaped, the length of and in the direc-
tion of the Stamina: Sr16MA bifid and very
: fmall, ffe; 4, 5, 6.
NECTARY a yellow gland at the bafe of the Germen
which makes the Calyx protuberate, jig. 7.
SEEDS four, of an oval fhape in the bottom of the
Calyx, jig. 8.
THE Bugle is another of our Englifh plants which may be recommended as an addition to our gardens.
It is fond of a fhady and moift fituation, and readily propagates itfelf by means of its creeping fhoots. -
According to Ray, a variety with red flowers grows plentifully in the fecond field on the left hand going
from Wefton Green to Eltham; and with white flowers it has been found in Charlton JVood. ‘he leaves in the
Winter are often of a beautiful purple colour.
The character of this genus is taken from the
It flowers in all, our woods about town from May to July.
fhortnefs or rather want of the upper lip of the flower:
exclufive of this mark, it is very nearly related to the genus G/ecboma or Ground Ivy. It has a. confiderable
large gland at the ba
This gland, however, i
whence the bees collect a great part sof their honey.
fe of the germen in the bottom of the calyx, which occafions the latter to protuberate.
is not peculiar to this genus, but occurs in moft of the plants of the fame clafs, from
It bas been confidered by the old writers as an excellent vulnerary, applied both inwardly and outwardly,
particularly fo in France, where, according to Ray, it is common for them to. fay that /befe who have Bugle
aud Sanicle need no Surgeon.
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GLECHOMA HEDERACEA. OG ROUND.IvY.
GLECHOMA Limuei Gen. Pl DipyNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA.
Antherarum fingulum par in formam crucis connivens. Calyx s-fidus.
Raii Syn. Gen, 14. SUFFRUTICES ET HERBA VERTICILLATA,
=
GLECHOMA hederacea. Lin. Sy. Vegetab. p. 445. foliis reniformibus crenatis. Spec. Pl, p. 807.
FL Suecive p. 202.
‘CHAMECLEMA caule procumbente radicato, foliis reniformibus rotunde crenatis. Haller bifl. m. 245.
CALAMIN'THA ederacea. Scopoli. Fl. Caruiol. p. 423.
CALAMIN'THA humilior, folio rotundiore. Tour. Iyf. R. H, 194.
HEDERA terreftris. Bauhin. Pin. 306.
HEDERA terreftris. Gerard. emac. 856.
HEDERA terreftris vulgaris. Parkinfon. 676. Rait Sym. p. 296, Ground-ivy, Gill-go-by-ground,
Alehoof, or Tunhoof. Hudfon. Fl. Angl. p. 224.
RADIX perennis, fibrofa.
CAULES feu potius Flagelle plures, tetragoni, humi
repentes et late fe diffundentes, unde exfur-
gunt caules floriferi palmares aut femipedales,
quadrati, hirfuti, (pilis deorfum verfis,) e-
re&i, infirmi, geniculati, geniculis pilofis.
ROOT perennial and fibrous. |
STALKS, orrather Shoots, numerous, fquare, creep-
ing on the ground, andípreading wide, from
whence arife the flowering ftalks, which are
from four to fix inches high, fquare, hirfute,
(the hairs turning downward,) upright, weak,
jointed, the joints hairy.
LEAVES oppofite, ftanding on long foot-ftalks, fome-
what kidney-fhaped, notched, veiny, the
leaf-ftalks grooved on the upper fide.
FLOWERS of a purple colour, difpofed in whirls a-
round the ftalk.
FLOWER-STALKS fupporting three flowers.
INVOLUCRUM both univerfal and partial, ffe. 2, 3,
each compofed of two fine pointed leaves,
which however are wanting in the middle
flower, fig. 4. i
CALYX: a PEnrANTHIUM of one leaf, tubular, with
five teeth, (which are nearly equal, and long
pointed,) hairy, and finely grooved, fig. 5.
COROLLA monopetalous, tubular, ringent, the tube
flender, and compreffed above; the upper lip
upright, obtufe, divided half way through ;
the lower lip larger, fpreading, divided into
three fegments, of which the middle one is
largeft, with a flight notch, hairy at its bafe,
and marked with purple fpots of a deeper co-
lour, fig. 7, 8.
STAMINA : four Fr AMENTS placed under the upper
lp, two fhort and two long: ANTHERE
white, forming a crofs, fiz. 9.
PITSILLUM : Germen divided into four, fig. 11, fur-
rounded by a gland, fig. 80: Sry e thread-
fhaped, larger than the corolla: Sricma
bifid, and pointed.
SEED-VESSEL none, the calyx in its cavity contain-
ing four
SEEDS of an oval fhape.
FOLIA oppofita, longe petiolata, fubreniformia, cre-
nata, venofa, petiolis fuperne fulcatis.
FLORES purpurei, verticillatim circa caulem difpofiti.
PEDUNCULI triflori.
INVOLUCRUM univerfale et partiale, fg. 2, 3, di-
phyllum, fetaceum, fed in flofculo interme-
dio, fig. 4, partiale defideratur.
CALYX: PregnraNTHIUM monophyllum, tubulofum,
quinquedentatum, dentibus fubzequalibus, a-
cuminatis, hirfutum, ftriatum, fig. 5.
COROLLA monopetala, tubulofa, ringens, tubus tenu-
is, fuperne compreffus, labium fuperius erec-
tum obtufum, femibifidum, inferius patens,
majus, trifidum, lacinià intermedià majori,
emarginata, ad bafin hirfutá et maculis fa-
turatius purpureis notata, fig. 7, 8.
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA quatuor fub labio fuperiore,
quorum duo breviora: ANTHER# conniven-
tes in formam crucis, albz, jig. 9.
PISTILLUM: GEnMEN quadrifidum, fig. 11, glandu-
1a cinétum, fig. 10. Srvrvs filiformis, corol-
14 longior: Sticma bifidum, acutum.
PERICARPIUM nullum, calyx in finu fovens
SEMINA quatuor, ovata.
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GROUND-IVY has an aromatic, though not very agreeable fmell; and a quick, bitterifh, warm tafte. This
herb is an ufeful corroborant, aperient, and detergent; and hence ítands recommended againft laxity, debility,
and obítru&ions of the vifcera. Some have had a great opinion of it for cleanfing and healing ulcers of the inter-
nal parts, even of the lungs; and for purifying of the blood. It is cuftomary to infufe the dried leaves in malt
liquors; a practice not to be commended, though it readily communicates its virtue, and likewife helps to fine
them down: fcarce any other herb has this effect more remarkably than Ground-ivy. Lewis's Difp. f. 150.
From the latter ufe, the plant has obtained the names of Alehoof and Tunhoof. Raii hifi. p. 567.
The juice of the plant drawn up the noftrils, not only mitigates, but totally removes violent and inveterate
headachs. Ibid.
Notwithftanding the credit which this plant has obtained with former writers on the Materia Medica, the
modern practice holds it in little eftimation.
Red hairy tumours are frequently found on it, which are occafioned by the Cymps Glechome, Linnai Faun.
Suecic. fe 1520. T^
It flowly expels thofe plants which grow next it, and hence impoverifhes paftures. Lim. Fil. Suecic. p. 202.
Cattle are not fond of it, and horfes are faid to be hurt by feeding on it: to make amends for this however, the
juice of the herb, mixed with a little wine, and applied morning and evening, isífaid to take away the film on
horfes eyes. Linn. Fl. Suecic. ex Loes. 123. 1
The plant is well known to grow under hedges, in woods, on banks, and fometimes in dry paftures. It
varies in fize according to its fituation; the flowers alfo vary in the degrees of purple; and make their
-opearance in April, May, and June.
142
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Lamium ALBUM. Wurrg Drap. NeTTLE
LAMIUM Zinuei Gen. Pl. DipyNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA.
Corolle lab. fup. integrum, fornicatum ; lab. inf 2-lobum, faux utrinque
margine dentata,
Raii Syn. Gen. 14. SUFFRUTICES ET HERB# VERTICILLATA.
LAMIUM album folis cordatis, acuminatis, ferratis, petiolatis, verticillis vigintifloris, Linz. Syff. Vagiiab.
b. A46. Sp. pl. f. 446. Flor. Suecic. p. 203. '
LAMIUM foliis cordatis, acutis, ferratis, verticillis multifloris. Haller. bift. helv. m. gs
LAMIUM album Scopoli Fl. Carniol. m. 7oo.
LAMIUM album non foetens folio oblongo. Bauhin. Pim. 231.
LAMIUM album. Gerard emac. 782.
LAMIUM vulgare album five Archangelicum flore albo. Parkinfon. 604»
. Rai Syn. 240. White Archangel or Dead-Nettle,
Hudfon. Fl. Angl. ed. 1. $. 225. ed. 2. 255.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. p. 308.
ROOT perennial, white, jointed, and creeping.
STALKS numerous, a foot high, nearly upright, un-
branched, flender at bottom, íquare, hollow,
and flightly hairy ; in expofed fituations, ofa
reddifh purple colour : the young fhoots weak
and rifing upward.
LEAVES ftanding on foot-ftalks, heart-fhaped, point-
ed, hanging down, unequally ferrated ; the
tips of the little teeth red and turned in-
ward, veiny, above and beneath fomewhat
hirfute ; the uppermoft leaves, as well as the
ftalks, frequently coloured ; the leaves about
the root are often fmall, round, and crenated.
FLOWERS growing in whirls, largifh, ofa yellowifh
white colour, not uncommonly tinged with
red; the whirls having ten, fifteen, or twen-
ty flowers in them.
CALYX: a Pertanruivm ofone leaf, tubular, feffile,
tibd, hirfute and continuing, having five
teeth, which are fetaceous ; on its lower fide,
at bottom, marked with purple fpots, and
fupported by a fhort linear bracteal leaf, fig. 1, 2.
COROLLA monopetalous and ringent; the TUBE
nearly the length of the upper lip, and crook-
ed, anteriorly prominent below, and preffed
in above; the mouth inflated, and marked
generally on each fide with two little teeth ;
the upper lip arched, hairy, with a flight
notch, and fometimes indented, diftinguifhed
by two elevated lines, which unite at the
crown; the inferior lip bifid, turned back,
flightly notched, and {potted at bottom,
RADIX perennis, alba, geniculata, repens.
CAULES plurimi, pedales, fuberecti, fimplices, bafi
tenuiores, quadrati, fiftulofi, hirfutuli, in a-
pricis ex rufo-purpurafcentes, furculi debiles,
adícendentes.
FOLIA petiolata, cordata, acuta, deflexa, inzequalhiter
ferrata, apicibus denticulorum rufis introrfum
verfis, venofa, fuperne et inferne hirfutula,
fummis ut caules fzpe coloratis, circa radi-
cem folioli etiam occurrunt fubrotunda, cre-
nulata.
FLORES verticillati, majufculi, albi ; haud infrequenter
etiam rubore quodam tin&i; verticilli decem
quindecem aut vigintiflori.
CALYX: PzniawTHiUM monophyllum, tubulofum,
feffile, nervofum, quinquedentatum, denti-
bus fetaceis, hirfutum, perfiftens, inferne ad
bafin maculis purpureis notatum et bractea
brevi lineari. fuffultum, fig. 1, 2.
COROLLA monopetala, ringens; TUuBUus longitudine
fere labii fuperioris, curvatus, antice inferne
prominulus, fuperne intropreffus, faux inflata,
margine utraque denticulis duobus plerumque
notata, labium fuperius fornicatum, pilofum,
emarginatum, aliquando etiam dentatum, li-
neis duabus elevatis ad verticem coadunatis
notatum, labium inferius bifidum, reflexum,
crenulatum, ad bafin maculatum, fig. 3, 4.
fig. 3, 4- !
STAMINA: four FrirawENTs, filiform, white, the
tips villous, a little thickned, and bent in-
ward: ANTHER# purple and hairy; PorrEN
yellow, fig. 5.
PISTILLUM: GznwzN divided into four, jig. 6, fur-
rounded by a gland, fig. 7. SrvrE filiform,
ofthe fame length and fituation as the Stami-
na: Stiema bifid and acute, fig. 8, 9.
SEEDS four, in the bottom of the Calyx, three corner-
ed, with a little appendage at bottom, jig. 10.
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA quatuor, filiformia, alba,
apicibus villofis, paululum incraffatis et in-
curvatis : ANTHERJE purpuree, hirfute ;
| PorrEN flavum, fig. 5.
PISTILLUM: GerMen quadrifidum, fig. 6, glandu-
14 cin&um, fig. 7: SrvrLvs filiformis longi-
tudine et fitu Staminum: Sricma bifidum
acutum, fig. 8, 9.
SEMINA quatuor, in fundo calycis, trigona, appendi-
culata, fig. 10,
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THE White Dead-Netile or Archangel, is one of our earlieft {pring plants, ornamenting our banks in April
and May; and is much reforted to by Bees for the fake of its honey, which is fecreted into the bottom of the tube
in confiderable plenty, by a little gland furrounding the bafe of the germen.
The flowers have been particularly celebrated in uterine fluors, and other female weaknefles ;
of the lungs; but they appear to be of very weak virtue: Lewis's Difp. part. 2. p. 163.
The bruifed leaves are recommended to difcufs tumours, even of the fchrophulous kind ; Rufty s Mat. Med. 5.2715
but very little dependance is to be placed on fuch recommendations. There is fcarce a plant but what (if we may
believe the antients) poffeffes fome wonderfully healing power of this kind. |
Like the other Lamiums, it has a difagreeable fmell when bruifed.
Boys make whiftles of the ftalks. We.
In the fouth of France, it is faid to occur with a purple flower. I have frequently found it flightly tinged with red.
The Phalena Chryfitis, Burnifbed Brafs Moth, Lin. Faun. Suecic. p. 311. Albin. Infect. tab. 71, feeds on it: and in
Sweden the leaves are eaten in the {pring as a pot-herb ; Lin. Flor. Suecica.
Having a ftrong creeping perennial root, and being a plant which cattle diflike, it fhould be extirpated by the
Farmer
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LawiM AMPLEXICAULE. Henerr Deap- Nerrie
LAMIUM Linnei Gen. Pl, DipywAMIA GYMNosPERMIA.
Corolle lab. fuper. integrum, fornicatum ; lab. inf. 2-lobum; faux utrinque
margine dentata. ,
Raii Syn. Gen. 14. Suffrutices ct Herbz verticillatze.
LAMIUM amplexicaule foliis floralibus feffilibus amplexicaulibus obtufis. — Lzzme: Syfh. Vegetab. p. 446.
Spec. Plant. b. 203. Flor. Suecic. p. 809.
LAMIUM foliis radicalibus petiolatis, lobatis, fuperioribus caulem ambientibus, rotunde incifis,
Haller bif. n. 273.
LAMIUM amplexicaule. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. n. 702.
LAMIUM folio caulem ambiente majus et minus. Bauhin pin. 231.
ALSINE hederula altera. Gerard. emac. 616.
ALSINE hederula folio major. Parkinfon 762.
Raii Syn. 5. 240. Great Henbit.
Hudfon. Fl. Angl. p. 225.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. $. 309.
RADIX annua, fibrofa, albida. ROOT annual, fibrous, and of a whitifh colour.
CAULES ex una radice plures, dodrantales, aut peda- Y STALKS, feveral from one root, nine inches or a foot
les, fubereQi, quadrati, leves, ramis paucis high, nearly upright, fquare, fmooth, with
"oppofitis. a few oppofite branches.
FOLIA oppofita, inferiora petiolata, fubrotundo cordata, $ LEAVES oppofite, the lower ones ftanding on foot-
incifo-crenata, venofa, hirfutula, petiolis fu- talks, of a roundifh heart-fhaped figure,
erne concavis folis longioribus, fuperiora deeply crenated, veiny, flightly hairy; the
feffilia, femiorbiculata, incifa, laciniis obtufiuf- foot-ftalks grooved on the upper part, and
BUM longer than the leaves; the upper ones femi-
orbicular, cut in at the edges, the fegments
fomewhat blunt.
FLOWERS growing in whirls to 15, of two kinds,
perfect and imperfect; the imperfect ones
fhort, a little longer than the Calyx, the tips
very red, hairy, and clofed, fig. 1, 23; the
perfect ones four times the length of the Ca-
lyx, of a bright purple colour, and generally
___ breaking out from the tops of the ftalks, fig. 3.
CALYX in the perfect ones, a PERIANTHIUM with five
teeth, tubular, fcarce manifeftly ftriated ; the
teeth equal, acuminated, and hirfute, ffs. 4.
COROLLA: the Tuze very long, cylindrical, nearly
upright, the mouth inflated, the edge turned
back, fpotted, and marked with two little
teeth ; the neck a little prominent; the up-
per lip arched, hirfute, and nearly entire ;
the lower lip turning down, having two lobes,
which are {potted with purple, jig. 5, 6, 7, 8.
STAMINA: four Fir amen rs, two long and two fhort,
of a white colour, placed under the upper lip:
ANTHERE hairy, filled with a faffron-colour-
ed pollen, fig. 9.
PISTILLUM: Germen divided into four parts:
STYLE filiform, ofthe fame length and fitua-
tion with the Stamina: Sriema bifid and
acute, fig. 10.
SEEDS four, in the bottom of the Calyx, with a lit-
tle appendadge to each, furface covered with
white fpots, ffe. 11, 12.
FLORES verticillati ad 15, duorum generum, manci
. fcilicet et perfe&i, manci breves, calycibus
paulo longiores, apicibus ruberrimis hirfutis
claufis, fg. 1, 25 perfeci calyce quadruplo
longiores, purpurei, e fummitatibus caulium
utplurimum erumpentes, fg. 3.
CALYX im ferfeciis, PERIANTHIUM quinquedentatum,
tubulofum, vix manifefte ftriatum, dentibus
zequalibus, acuminatis, hirfutis, jig. 4.
COROLLA: Tusus pralongus, cylindraceus, fub-
erectus, faux inflata, margine reflexà maculata,
denticulis duobus notata, collum prominulum,
labium fuperius fornicatum, hirfutum, fub-
integrum ; labium inferius deflexum, bilobum,
maculis purpureis notatum, jig. 5, 6, 7, 8.
STAMINA: FILAMENTA quatuor, quorum duo lon-
giora, alba, fub labio fuperiore: ANrHERZE
pilofe, polline croceo refertz, jig. 9.
PISTILLUM : Germen quadrifidum: Srvrvs fili-
formis, longitudine et fitu ftaminum: Sric-
MA bifidum, acutum, jig. 10.
SEMINA quatuor'in fundo calycis, appendiculata,
punctis albis notata, fig. 11, 12.
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IN the flowering of this plant, there are fome circumftances well deferving of attention.
Two kinds of blofloms are obfervable on it; the one a very {mall fhort one, like the rudiments of a flower, a
little longer than the Calyx, with the mouth clofed, very hairy, and of a bright red colour; the other a flower like
that of the Lamium purpureum, but much longer.
The firft of thefe bloffoms, which fo far as refpe&ts the Corolla, are evidently imperfect, appear very early in
the Spring, in February and March: the long and perfect bloffoms do not make their appearance till May or June,
when they are obfervable on the tops of the ftalks : and if the progrefs of the flowers be watched, the Corolla will
be found to be gradually enlarged in different blofloms, till the weather being fufficiently warm, they come forth
fully formed.
Thofe who have attended to the changes of Infects, muft have obferved, that if a Caterpillar has, previous to
its changing into the chryfalis or pupa ftate, been deprived of its proper quantity of food, the Fly has come forth
perfect in all its parts except the wings, which are crumpled up, and never expand; fo this plant, for want of
a fufficient degree of warmth, is not able to pufh forth an expanded Corolla; yet being perfect in every other part,
the fpecies fuffers no diminution.
I had for feveral years imagined, that the imperfect flowers were the rudiments of the long bloffoms; but on a
more minute enquiry, I found that they never grew any longer, but decayed. I was then ready to fuppofe that
they were barren flowers; buton diffecting them, I found that each had both Stamina and a Piftillum.
Since the above obfervations were made, I find, on looking into the Flora Suecica, that Linnaus takes notice of
its fcarce ever producing perfect blofioms in Sweden.
Here then is a procefs fomewhat fimilar to what we obferve in the Violet and fome other plants, where perfect
{ced is produced, although the Corolla be not perfectly formed.
It grows with us frequently on walls ; and in the greateft abundance in the fields and gardens about Bafterfea and
Lambeth, where the foil is hght.
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THYMUS Linnei Gen. Ph] DiDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA:
Calycis bilabiati faux villis claufa,
Rai Syn. Gem, SUPFRUTICES ET HERBA VERTICILLAT JE;
THYMUS Serpyllum foribus capitatis, caulibus repentibus, folis planis obtufis, bafi ciliatis. Einnei
Syf Vegetab. b. 452.
THYMUS folis ovatis ad bafin ciliatis. Haller bif. s. 235;
THYMUS Serpyllum Scopoli Fl. Carniol. m. 736.
SERPYLLUM vulgare minus. Bauh Pin. 220.
SERPYLLUM vulgare. Gerard emac. 570.
SERPYLLUM vulgare minus. Parkinfon 8. Raii Sym f. 230, Common Mother of Thyme: Hudjon
Fi. Angl. p. 229.
RADIX lignofa, fibrofa, fufca, perennis.
CAULES numerofi, quadrangulares, duriufculi, pro-
cumbentes, ramofi, ramis alternis.
FOLIA ovata, petiolata, integerrima, plerumque le-
via, glandulis punctata, petiolis ciliatis, fig. 1, 2.
ROOT woody, fibrous, ofa brown colour, and perennial;
STALKS numerous, fquare, hard, procumbent, and
branched ; the branches alternate;
LEAVES oval, ftanding on foot-ftalks, entire at the
edges, generally {mooth, dotted with little
glands; the foot-ftalks furnifhed with long
Maite fo. T. 2. . |
BLOWERS placed in whirls on the tops of the ftalks;.
and forming fmall roundifh heads.
CALYX: a PEn1AN THIUM of one leaf, tubular, ftriated;
the mouth clofed up with hairs, fg. 9, divided
into two lips; the uppermoft having three
teeth which bend back ; the lowermott two,
much longer, nafrower, and edged with Hairs,
SZ 3, 4. 5: |
COROLLA monopetalous: the 'TusE the length of
the Calyx; the upper lip turning back, notch-
ed in and blunt ; the lowermoft longer, divi-
ded into three fegments, the fegments obtufe,
the middle one longeft, fg. 6. |
STAMINA: four Firamenrs of unequal lengths :
ANTHERJZ very minute, ffg. 7. '
PISTILLUM : GERMEN dividing into four parts;
STYLE longer than the Corolla, and turning
upwards; STIGMA bifid and pointed, fig. 8.
SEEDS four, ímall, roundifh, of a brown colour,
Sigs 10, LI.
sFLORES in fummitatibus caulium verticillatim dif-
|| pofiti, etin capitulis fubrotundis congefti.
CALYX: PrenraNTHIUM monophyllum, tubulatum,
ftriatum, fauce villis claufo, fig. 9, femibifi-
dum in duo labia, labium fuperius latius, tri-
dentatum, dentibus reflexis ; inferius bifetum
dentibus ciliatis, fig. 3, 4, 5.
COROLLA monopetala; usus longitudine fetarum
calycis, labium fuperius reflexum, emarginatum,
obtufum, inferius trifidum, longius, laciniis
obtufis medio longiore, fig. 6.
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA quatuor inequalia; AN-
THERE minime, jig. 7.
PISTILLUM : Germen quadripartitum ; Srvrvs Co-
rolla longior, recurvatus; STIGMA bifidum,
| acutum, fig. 8.
SEMINA quatuor, parva, fubrotunda, fufca, ffs. 10, 11.
FEW Plants are fubje& to fo many varieties as the Wild Thyme. in its moft natural ftate; when found
on dry expofed Downs, it is {mall and procumbent: when growing among Furze or other plants, which afford
it fhelter, it runs up with a flender ftalk to a foot or more in height, and aflumes an appearance which might
puzzle the young Botanift. It differs alfo very much in the fmoothnefs and hairinefs of its leaves: and there
is a fingular variety of it, remarked by Linnaus, with woolly heads, (Capitulis tomentofis) which are the nidus
of fome Infect. We have feen whole banks covered with this turgid variety. The Veronica Chamedrys, Glechoma
hederacea, Valeriana Locufia, and other plants, are frequently diftorted, and appear under the fame difguife
from a. fimilar caufe.
On dry chalky Downs the Wild Thyme abounds all over England; flowering in July and Auguft.
Ít has been a received opinion, that Thyme and other aromatic herbs, give a flavour to the flefh of Sheep
that feed where thefe plants are found: but curious obfervers have remarked, that Sheep neither eat Thyme
nor any other aromatic herb when they have a free choice of pafturage.*
The Antents planted Thyme for the fake of their Bees, who collect Honey very largely from it; which
at that period was of more value than at prefent: the cultivation of Sugar in the Weft India Iflands, has
contributed much to reduce its confequence in domeftic ceconomy:
Tueopurastus relates, that TAyme produced no feed that could be difcovered; but that the plant might
be encreafed by fowing its flowers. Pxiny copies this paffage from Turopurastus; and inftead of doubting
the fact, remarks ** quid non tentavere homines?” ‘Nhat experiments have not mankind tried? The credulity of
the Antients is very wonderful! Whatever one Author advanced, the next took for granted, to the great de-
triment of natural hiftory.—Inveftigation was never thought of! |
Dr. AnMwsTRONG, in his elegant and claffical poem on health, recommends the foil where this plant
(Thyme or Marjoram) abounds, as particularly healthful and proper for habitations.
* Mark where the dry Champaign
** Savells into chearful bis; where Marjoram
** And Thyme, the love of Bees, perfume the Air.
** There bid thy roofs, high on the bafting fleep
** Afcend: there light thy hofpitable fires".
* See account of Sheep-walks in Spain, Gent. Mag. 1764.
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EnRvsiMuM ALLIARIA. SAUCE.ALONE.
ERYSIMUM Linnei Gen. Pl 'l'ETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
Siliqua columnaris, exacte tetra&dra. Ca, claufus,
Raii Syn. Gen. 21. HgnBAE TETRAPETALA SILIQUOSJE ET SILICULOSJE,
ERYSIMUM <Alharia folis cordatis. Linnei Sift. Pegetab.b. 499. Sp. PL f. 923. Fl. Suecic. m 600.
ERYSIMUM Haller Hifl. 5. 208. n. 480.
SISYMBRIUM Alliaria. Scopoli Fl. Carm. m. 825.
DEAUBPARIA Bantis Pin. 210.
Gerard emac. 796.
Parkinfon 112.
HESPERIS allium redolens. Ra Syn. 293. Jack by the Hedge, or Sauce-alone.
Hudfon. Fl. Angl. ed. 2. p. 286.
Lighifoot Fl. Scot. 186.
ee a meu m mal LO T NRI ET TT DEUM REL LLL. ee
RADIX biennis, albida, fufiformis, plurimis fibrillis
inftru&ta, |
CAULIS erectus, bi aut tripedalis, teres, levis, fubftria-
tus, inferne purpureus, villofus, fuperne ra-
mofus.
RAMI pauci, alterni, eret.
FOLIA alterna, petiolata, cordata, venofa, fubrugofa,
inferiora longius petiolata, rotundata, fuperi-
ora acuta, inequaliter dentato-ferrata.
FLORES nivei, terminales, ere&i, pedunculis longi-
tudine florum infidentes.
CALYX: PEnrANTHIUM tetraphyllum, foliolis oblon-
gis, pallide virefcentibus, obtufis, deciduis,
apice interne concavis, externe gibbis, fie. 1.
COROLLA: PETALA quatuor, obovata, unguiculata,
unguis erectus, linearis, limbus patens, venis
aucis exaratus, fig. 2.
STAMINA: F1LAMENTA fex, fubulata, alba, duo bre-
viora incurvata, quatuor longiora erecta, lon-
gitudine Styli, fe. 3,6: ANTHER# oblonga,
cordate, flavae, incumbentes, ereCte, fig. 4, 5.
NECTARIUM : glandula rotunda folitaria utringue ad
. bafin Staminum longiorum, bafis vero Stami-
num breviorum glandula cingitur.
PISTILLUM: Germen obfcure tetragonum, oblon-
gum, fiy. 7: SrYrvs breviffimus, fig. 8:
STIGMA capitato-truncatum.
PERICARPIUM : SiriovA biuncialis, teres, fubte-
tragona, lineata, bilocularis, bivalvis, jig. 9.
SEMINA plurima, oblonga, fuíca, nitida, ftriata, u-
tráque extremitate oblique truncata, diflepi-
mento utrinque nidulantia, fig. 10.
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ROOT biennial, of a whitifh colour, tapering, and
furnifhed with numerous fibres.
STALK upright, from two to three feet high, round,
Ímooth, fomewhat ftriated, at bottom purple,
and flightly hoary, at top branched.
BRANCHES few, alternate, and upright.
LEAVES alternate, ftanding on foot-ftalks, heart-
fhaped, veiny, and fomewhat wrinkled; the
lower ones ftanding on long foot-ftalks, and
round at the tips; the upper ones pointed,
and unequally toothed or fawed.
FLOWERS white, terminal, upright, ftanding on
ftalks the length of the flowers.
CALYX: a Perianruium of four leaves, which are
oblong, of a pale green, obtufe, the tips in-
ternally concave, externally gibbous, jig. 1.
COROLLA: four Petars, inverfely oval, and claw-
ed; the claw erect and linear; the limb
fpreading, and grooved with a few veins, fig. 2.
STAMINA: fix FinamMeENnTs tapering, and white;
the two fhorter ones bending inwards; the
four longer ones upright, the length of the
Style, fig. 3, 6: AN THERE of an oblong heart
fhape, yellow, incumbent, and upright,
fig. 4, 5.
NECTARY, a ímall round fingle gland, placed on
each fide at the bafe of the longeft Stamina ;
but the bafe of each of the fhorteft Stamina,
is wholly furrounded by a glandular fubftance.
PISTILLUM : the GERMEN obfcurely four corner'd,
and oblong, fig. 7: STYLE very fhort, fig. 8 :
SticMa, forming a little head, appearing
as if cut off.
SEED-VESSEL: a Pop about two inches long, round,
obfcurely quadrangular, with a fine prominent
line between each angle, of two cavities and
two valves, jig. 9.
numerous, oblong, brown, fhining, finely
grooved, obliquely cut off at each end, and
partly buried in the diflepimentum on each
fide, ffe. 10.
SEEDS
THE whole of this plant, on being rubbed, difcovers a ftrong fmell of Garlic, whence its name of A/iaria.
Medicinally, the leaves are recommended internally, as fudorifics and deobftruents, fomewhat of the nature of
Garlic, but much milder; and externally, as antifeptics, in gangrenes and cancerous ulcers: Lewys’s Dip. 5. 78.
Dietically it is ufed in fauces; and by the country people eaten with bread and butter: Ra Hifi. Pl. et Syn.
The feeds bruifed, and put up the noftrils, are faid to promote íneezing: Ra Hif. Pl. j 792.
The Curculio Alliariea, Linn. Faun. Suecic. a. 580, perforates and dwells in the ftalks of this plant: £7 Swecic.
If eaten by Cows, which it appears to be from Linn £us’s experiments, it will be liable to give a difagreeable
tafte to the milk; fhould this happen, the Farmer will eafily deftroy it, as it 1s a biennial.
It grows very common by hedge fides; flowers in April and May.
ScoPoLi obferves that it does net retain the generic character of an Eryfimum, wherefore he arranges it as
a Sifymbrium.
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ARABIS THALIANA. Poppgp Movsz.zaAn.
ARABIS JAL/mmei Gen. Pl. 'TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
Glandule nettarifere-4, fingule intra Calycis foliola, fquarnz inftar SNO
Rau Syn. Gen. 21. HERBE TETRAPETALJE SILIQUOSJ ET SILICULOSJE,
ARABIS thaliana folis radicalibus ovato-lanceolatis, dene, pun&ato-fcabris.
ARABIS thaliana foliis petiolatis lanceolatis integerrimis. Linn. Syfl. Vegetab. p. 501. FL Suecic. m. 605.
ARABIS foliis radicalibus petiolatis, ovatis, dentatis caule fubnudo ramofo. Haller bjf. m. 452.
TURRITIS vulgaris ramofa. Ra Syn. 294, Moufe-ear.
BRASSICA fpuria minima, folis hirfutis et glabris. Rai Sym. ed. 2. 166.
BURSZE paáftorie fimilis filiquofa major et minor. Bauhin Pim. 108.
PILOSELLA filiquofa. Thal. tab. 7
PARONYCHIA major et altera minor. Parkinfon 556. Hudfon Fl. Angl. B. 255.
RADIX annua, fimplex, fibrofa, albida. ROOT annual, fimple, fibrous, whitith.
LEAVES of an oblong oval fhape, ftanding on foot-ftalks,
indented, efpecially near the bafe of the leaf,
hairy, rough on each fide, with little promi-
nent points; leaves on the ftalk feffile and
indented, fig. 1 2; the hairs at the bafe of
the leaf fimple, thofe at the edges and on the
furface dividing into two or three forks.
FOLIA radicalia oblongo-ovata, petiolata, dentata, pre-
fertim prope bafin, hirfuta, utrinque [cabra
pun&is prominulis, caulina feffilia dentata,
fg. 1, 23 hirfuties ad bafin foliorum fimplex,
ad marginem et fuperficiem biet trifurcata.
CAULIS femipedalis ad pedalem, ere&us, fubramofus,
teres, rore glauco tectus, hirfutus, ramuli
alterni, nutantes.
STALK from fix to twelve inches high, upright, fome-
what branched, round, crooked, covered with
a bloom, hairy, the httle branches alternate
and drooping.
CALYX : a PEsn1AN THIUM of four leaves, which are
oval, concave, and flightly hairy, fig. 3, mag.
CALYX: PzuiawTHIUM tetraphyllum, foliolis ovatis,
concavis, hirfutulis, fig. 3. auct.
COROLLA of four Petras, twice the length of the
COROLLA: PzrALA quatuor, calyce duplo longiora,
E Calyx, dilated at top, entire and obtufe, fig. 4.
apice dilata, integra, obtufa, jig. 4. auct,
STAMINA: four tapering FiLAMEN TS, two of which
are fhorter than the others, fig. 5; ANTHERE
fmall and yellow.
STAMINA : FILAMENTA quatuor fubulata quorum duo
breviora, fig. 5; ANTHERJE flave, parva.
PISTILLUM: Germen oblong, flender, SrvrE very
fhort, equalinheight to the Stamina; ST1G6MA
blunt, fig. 6.
PISTILLUM: Germen oblongum, tenue; STYLUS
" breviffimus longitudine Staminum ; STIGMA
obtufum, jig. 6.
SEED-VESSEL: a fmall flender pod about half an
PERICARPIUM: filiqua tenuis, femuncialis, bivalvis,
inch long, of two valves, fig. 7, 8, containing
fg. 7, 8, continens
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SEMINA plurima, flavefcentia, jig. 9. SEEDS. Several yellowith feeds, Sig 9.
AT firt fight this little plant, in its larger ftate, forms fome refemblance to the Shepherds Purfe; and
when fmall, may be overlooked or miftaken for the Draba verna, particularly as it grows in fimilar fituations ;
but by its flender pods it may readily be diftinguifhed. —
We have it frequent enough on our walls, and fometimes on dry ground, about town: and it may be found
in great abundance on the fouth fide of Greenwich Park Wall, the top of which, facing the late Str Grecory PAGE's,
is in particular parts almoft covered with it; while the bottom of it, is at the fame time, beautifully orna-
mented with the Geranium Cicutarium.
It flowers in March and April, and the feed is ripe in May.
No particular virtues or ufes are afcribed to it. |
Like all other plants (which is a circumftance that cannot be too often inculcated into the mind of the
young Botanift) it varies very much in fize; fometimes being not more than an inch or two in height, and
at other times more than a foot.
The Glandule Ne&arifere, often found at the bafe of the Stamina, in the plants of the Clafs Zetradynamia,
and which according to Linna#us form the character of the Genus Arabis, are in this fpecies fo very minute,
as fcarcely to be difcerned with a magnifier :
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GznaNIUM MOLLE. Common Doves-roor CRANEs.BILL.
GERANIUM Linnai Gen. Pl, MoxADELPHIA Decanpara.
Monogynae Stigmat. § Fructus roftratus, 5-coccus,
Raii Syn. Gen. 24, HERBE PENTAPETALJE VASCULIFERA,
GERANIUM molle pedunculis bifloris, foliifque floralibus alternis, petalis bifidis, calycibus muticis,
caule erectiufculo. Lzmme: Syff. Vegetab. b. 515. Sp. PL p. 955. FL Suecic. f. 547.
GERANIUM foliis, molliffimis, hirfutis, reniformibus, femiquinquefidis, lobis femitripartitis, obtufis.
Haller bif. n. 939.
GERANIUM :o/le. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. an noftra planta ?
GERANIUM columbinum villofum, petalis bifidis purpureis, Vai//. Paris. 79« Ps Y. figs) %
GERANIUM columbinum. Ger. emac. 938.
GERANIUM columbinum vulgare. Parkinfon 706. Raii Syn. p. 3 59, Doves-foot, or Doves-foot-Cranes-bill.
GERANIUM folio malve rotundo. Baubin. Pin. 318.
Hudfon Fl. Angl. p. 265.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. p. 370.
RADIX annua, fufiformis, fimplex. ROOT annual, tapering, and fimple.
CAULES plures, utplurimum procumbentes, teretes,
rubicundi, dodrantales aut pedales, villofi,
ramofi.
STALKS feveral, procumbent, round, of a reddith
colour, from nine inches to a foot in length,
villous, and branched.
LEAVES: thofe next the root fitting on long, round,
villous foot-ftalks, of a roundifh form, hoary,
and veiny underneath, deeply divided into
feven fegments, which are jagged: the leaves
on the ftalk alternate, divided into fewer
fegments, which are narrower and more poin-
ted.
FOLIA radicalia petiolis longis, teretibus, villofis, in-
fidentia, fubrotunda, villofa, fubtus venofa,
feptemfida, laciniis incifis, caulina alterna in
lacinias pauciores, anguftiores et acutiores
divifa.
STIPULZE four at each joint, membranous, and wither-
ing.
FLOWER-STALK : general flower-ftalk the length
and form of the leaf-ftalks, and growing op-
pofite to them, bifid,’ and fupporting two
flowers: partial flower-ftalks nearly three
times fhorter than the general one, furround-
ed at their bafe by fmaller ftipule, fome of
the hairs on which appearing glandular if
—. viewed with a glafs.
STIPUL ad fingula genicula quaternz, membrana-
cez, mareícentes.
PEDUNCULI longitudine et forma petiolorum üfque
oppofiti, bifidi, biflori: pedicelli pedunculo
triplo fere breviores, ftipulis minoribus ad
bafin cinctis, ad lentem fubvifcofis.
CALYX: PERIANTHIUM pentaphyllum, foliolis ovato-
. acutis, trinervibus, pilofis, inzequalibus, brevi
mucrone, rufo, non admodum acuto, termi-
natis, fig. I.
CALYX: a PzniANTHIUM of five leaves, oval, poin-
ted, having three ribs, hairy, unequal, and
terminated by a reddifh and fomewhat blunt
point, fg. 1.
COROLLA: five purple PETArs, inverfely heart-
fhaped, a little longer than the Calyx, the
claws {mall, and edged on each fide with hairs.
COROLLA: PETALA quinque purpurea, obcordata,
calyce paulo longiora, unguibus parvis, utrin-
que ciliatis.
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA decem, alba, zqualia, bafi
lata, vix coalefcentia: ANTHER@ coerulez,
Jig. 2.
PISTILLUM: Germen quinquangulare: Sryzus
fubulatus, vifcofus: STIGMATA quinque,
. rubra, reflexa, fig. 3, 4.
STAMINA: ten white Firaments, of an unequal
length, broad at bottom, but not perceptibly
united: ANTHER blue, jig. 2.
PISTILLUM : GERMEN five-cornered : STvrEtaper-
ing, with glandular hairs: Stigmata five,
of a red colour, and turning back, jig. 3, 4.
SEMINA quinque, ovata, glabra, fig. 5, 7, 8. Arillo
SEEDS five, oval and fmooth, fe. 5, 7, 8, covered
rugofo tecta, fig. 6.
with a wrinkled Arillus, fig. 6.
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THE Geranium molle is the moft common of all our Geraniums, and one of the earlieft in bloffom, beginning
to blow in April and continuing through the Summer. Its moft natural fituation is on a dry bank; yet it
very often is found in paftures, and under walls. If growing by itfelf, the ftalks are ufually procumbent ;
among other plants it is often drawn upright.
It varies very much in fize; the flowers alfo vary much both in fize and colour. In the Lawn before
Chelfea Hofpital, Y have noticed this plant almoft as large as the pyrenaicum of Linnaus. Its flowers are
fometimes white, fometimes pale red, with many gradations of purple.
It is moft likely to be miftaken for the rotundifolium and pyrenaicum, neither of which are common plants
with us: in what refpect it differs from thefe, we {hall mention when they come to be deícribed.
We may remark here, that the drill, or coverings of the feeds, fig. 6, are curoufly wrinkled; but the feeds
themíelves are perfectly {mooth.
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MarLvAaA svLvEsTRIS. Common Marrow.
MALVA Lime: Gen Pl. MowApELPHIA POLYANDRIA.
Cal. "d : exterior triphyllus. 4r7//i plurimi monofpermi.
Rai Sym Gen. 15. HERBH SEMINE NUDO POLYSPERMJ. | |
MALVA /fylvefris caule erecto herbaceo, folus feptemlobatis acutis, pedunculis petiolifque pilofis. Linnaz
Sif. Vegetab. p. 520. .
MALVA caule erecto ; "s lobatis : lobis ferratis, dune et feptenis. Haller bifl. n. 1069.
MALVA /yloefiris. Scopo: FI. Carniol. n. 859.
MALVA /ylvefris folio finuato, C. Baubin. pin. 314.
MALVA vulgaris Parkinfon.
MALVA J/ylvefiris Gerard. Raii Syn. p. 269, Common Mallow. Hudfon FL Angi. p. 268.
RADIX perennis, albida, craflitie digiti, in terram alte
defcendens, fibris paucis majufculis inftructa,
fapore dulci et vifcido praedita.
ROOT perennial and whitifh, the thicknefs of ones
finger, ftriking deep into the earth, thinly
furnifhed with large fibres, and having a
Íweetifh. vifcid tafte.
STALK generally upright, from one to three feet high,
round, hairy and branched.
LEAVES ftanding on long hairy foot-ftalks, having
five or feven lobes, often marked at bottom
with a purple fpot, fomewhat folded, crenated
or notched at the edges, fmooth above and
flightly hairy beneath.
FLOWERS large, purple, growing in a kind of um-
bell in the bofoms of the leaves, painted with
deeper veins of the fame colour. ©
STIPUL two at the bottom of each foot-ftalk of the
leaf.
CALYX: a double PERiAwTHIUM continuing, and
hairy; the outer one compofed of three leaves,
which are narrow and pointed, fig. r; the
inner one larger and divided into five fegments,
which are broader and pointed, ffe. 2.
COROLLA : five PET ALs heart-fhaped, a piece ofthe
apex as 1f bitten out, uniting at bottom, and
flat, fig. 3. |
STAMINA: FiLAMENTS numerous, uniting into a
purplith tube, jig. 5, above unconnected and
turning back: AwTHER E kidney-fhaped, and
whitifh, ffe. 6, magnified.
PISTILLUM: Germen orbicular: SrvrEg cylindri-
cal, andfhort: Sr1G6MA'TA numerous, thread-
fhaped, of a red colour, the length of the
pry les, fies 7, 48, Os
SEEDS numerous, kidney-fhaped, covered with an
Arillus which opens inwardly, ffe. 10, 11.
CAULIS plerumque erectus, pedalis ad tripedalem,
teres, pilofus, ramofus.
FOLIA petiolis prelongis hirfutis infidentia, quinque
aut feptemlobata, ad bafin macula purpurea
Ízepe notata, fubplicata, crenata, fuperne levia,
fubtus hirfutula.
FLORES ampli, purpurei, axillares, fubumbellati,
venis faturatioribus pic.
SIIPULAZE duz ad bafin cujufvis petioli.
CALYX: PgnrawTHIUM duplex, perfiftens, hirfutum,
exterius triphyllum, foliolis lanceolatis, fig. 1 ;
interius femiquinquefidum, majus, lacinus
ovato-acutis, fig. 2. à
COROLLA : PETALA quinque, obcordata, preemorfa,
bafi coalita, plana, fig. 3.
. STAMINA: FiLAMENTA plurima in tubum purpu-
rafcentem coalita, jig. 5, fuperne laxa, reflexa z.
ANTHERJ reniformes, albidz, ffe. 6, auct.
PISTILLUM : GERMEN orbiculatum: Srvrvus cylin-
draceus, brevis: STIGMATA plurima, fetacea,
rubicunda, longitudine Styli, fig. 7, 8, 9.
SEMINA plurima reniformia Ari/lo introrfum dehifcen-
te "toóta uo. IO; MIS
EVERY part of this plant, but more particularly the root, contains within it a juice fomewhat mucilaginous,
hence it has been ranked by writers on the Materia Medica among the emollients, and confidered as ferviceable
in all cafes where emollients are proper: but it has more particularly been ufed in difeafes of the urinary
paffages, where the parts have been either injured by calculous concretions, or inflamed from other caufes; as
in the ftone, gravel, bloody urine, ftrangury, gonorrhea, &c. In cafes of cough, hoarínefs, roughnefs of the
fauces, &c. it has alfo been recommended. Its ufe however has been much fuperfeded by the Marfbmallow,
which poffeffes all its valuable qualities in a fuperior degree. ‘The method of ufing it is by making a decoétion
of the leaves or root: or it may be madé into a fyrup in the manner of Mar/hmallows. In fomentations and
clyfters the leaves are alfo not unfrequently ufed.
Mallows were formerly eaten as food by the Romans; not the fpecies here figured however; but according
to Harrrm, the Malva rotundifolia italica flore amplo of 'l'ounNEFORT was ufed for this purpofe. ‘This author
alfoinforms us, that a tree of the Mallow kind is in like ufe with the Egyptians; and that the Chimefe mix ‘dried
Mallow leaves with their food.
Cattle do not appear to be fond of it; and as it is a ftrong growing plant, it often does much harm in good
rich ground: the root however, though perennial, is not of the creeping kind, and coníequently is eradicated
without much difficulty. The beft inftrument will be found to be what is called a docking-iron, of which we fhall
give an account in defcribing fome one of the Docks; and the beft time for taking them up is late in the Autumn,
when the herbage being eat down pretty clofe, the leaves of the Mallow are eafily difcerned, and the herbage fuffers
little from the operation.
The Mallow flowers from June to the end of Summer. The Antherz before the opening of the flower,
while they are yet entire, afford a very pleafing fpeQacle, and are figured by Grew, in a magnified ftate, in
his Anatomy of Plants. .
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FuMARIA OFFICINALIS. Gommon Fumirory.
FUMARIA Linzi. Gen PL DiapELPHIA HEXANDRIA.
Cal. diyhyllus, Cor. ringens. Filamenta 2, membranacea, fingula Autheris 3.
Raii Syn. Gen. yo. HERBJE FLORE PERFECTO SIMPLICI, SEMINIBUS NUDIS SOLITARIIS SEU
AD SINGULOS FLORES SINGULIS.
FUMARIA officinalis pericarpiis monofpermis racemofis, caule diffufo. Linnei. Syfl. Vegetab. p. 432.
Sp. Pl. p. 984. Fil. Suecic. p. 245.
FUMARIA. foliis multifidis ; lobis fubrotunde lanceolatis; fru&ibus monofpermis. Haller. hi. belv. ft. 246.
FUMARIA officinalis. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. p. 47.
FUMARIA officinarum et Diofcoridis. Bauhin pin. 143.
FUMARIA purpurea. Gerard. emac. 1088.
FUMARIA vulgaris. Parkinfom 287. Raii Syn. p. 284, Fumitory.
Hudfon Fl. AngL $. 270.
“Lightfoot Fl. Scot. p. 379»
RADIX annua, fibrofa, ex flavo-fufca.
CAULES dodrantales aut cubitales, diffufi, angulofi,
geniculis tumidis, ramofi, glabri, teneri, fub-
flexuofi.
ROOT annual, fibrous, of a yellowifh brown colour.
STALKS from nine to feventeen inches in height,
{preading, angular, enlarged at the joints,
branched, fmooth, tender, and fomewhat bend-
ing.
LEAVES Ac) ftanding on foot-ftalks, twice pin-
nated, ofa blueifh green colour, the pinnulz
or little leaves trilobate, terminating 1n a fhort
point, the outermoft lobes bifid or trifid.
FLOWERS growing in a kind of fpike, of a purple
colour ; {pikes upright, fupporting many flow-
ers, which are placed, without any regular
order, on foot-ftalks, thickeft at the extremity.
FLORAR-LEAF lanceolate, and purple at top, placed
under each flower-ftalk, fie. 1.
CALYX: a Pertantuium of two leaves, the leaves
oppofite, zqual, lateral, pointed, with little
teeth at the edges, and deciduous, jig. 2, 3.
COROLLA oblong, ringent, the palate prominent, and
clofing the mouth : upper Lp dilated at the
tip, keel-fhaped, hollow beneath, the margin
turning a little upwards; the bafe obtufe,
and curled inward: the lower lip the fame
length as the upper one, and fimilar as to the
top, in other refpects linear ; the bafe a little
broader: the /ateral Petals, or wings, cohere
at top, and form a four corner'd mouth, in
which there are three divifions on the upper
and lower part, fig. 4, 5, 6, 7.
STAMINA: two white FrLAMENTs, membranous,
broad at bottorn, and embracing the germen :
ANTHERA three, ofa yellowifh colour, fitting
on the tops of the filaments, fig. 8.
PISTILLUM : Germen oval: STYLE thread-fhaped,
the length of the ftamina, ring upwards:
Sriema comprefled, and villous, jig. 9.
SEED-VESSELL a fmall Pod of one cavity, fomewhat
inverfely heart-fhaped, fig. 10.
SEED one, ofa roundifh figure, fig. ir.
FOLIA alterna, petiolata, duplicato-pinnata, glauca,
pinnulis trilobatis, mucronatis, lobis extimis
bifidis aut trifidis.
FLORES racemofi, purpurei, racemi eredi, multiflori,
floribus fparfis, pedunculatis, pedunculis clava-
tis. |
BRACTEZElanceolatz, apice purpurez, fingulo pedun-
culo fubjectz, fig. 1.
CALYX : Pertanruium diphyllum ; foliolis oppofitis,
equalibus, lateralibus, acutis, denticulatis,
deciduis, ff. 2, 3.
COROLLA oblonga, ringens, palato prominente fau-
cem claudente. Labium fuperius apice dilatatum,
carinatum, fubtus concavum, margine paulu-
lumreflexa, bafi obtufa, incurvatà. Labium infe-
rius longitudine labii fuperioris et fimile quoad
apicem, ceteroquin lineare, bafi paulo latiore.
Petala lateralia five ale apice cohzrent fau-
cemque tetragonam efformant fupra infraque
tridentatam, fig .4, 5, 6, 7.
STAMINA: FirawENTA duo, alba, membranacea,
bafi lata, germen amplectentia: ANTHERE
tres, flavefcentes in fingulo filamento, termina-
| less 1g 8s
PISTILLUM: GERMEN ovatum : Srvrvs filiformis
longitudine ftaminum, adícendens: Sriema
compreffum, villofum, jig: 9.
PERICARPIUM Silicula unilocularis, fubcordata, jig.
IO.
SEMEN unicum, fubrotundum, jig. 11.
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FUMITORY in its flower and fruit, has certainly a confiderable affinity with the papilionaceous plants, although
that affinity is not very obvious at firft fight: and at the fame time, fome parts of its ftru&ure feem altogether
peculiar to itfelf. The pofterior part of the corolla terminates in a kind of ne&arium, like what we obferve in the
Violet. But the part in which it differs moft from the papilionaceous flowers, isits calyx, which confifts of two
{mall lateral leaves, more like flipulz than a calyx. The filaments, as in papilionaceous flowers, are diftinctly
divided into two bodies, on the top of each of which, in.a very fingular manner, are placed three anthera, each
ftanding on alittle footftalk. ‘The feed-veffell in this fpecies, has not much refemblance to thofe of the papiliona-
ceous tribe; but in fome of the other fpecies it has a very confiderable one, as in the Claviculata. 'This difference
of ftructure in the feed-veffells, caufed Ray to divide the plants of this genus, and place them in different clafles;
but by Linnazus they are clafled together with the diadelphous plants.
When this plant grows luxuriantly, and near other plants, the leaves acquire a power of acting as tendrils, and
fupporting the plant: this is the principal variety to which it is fubject. á
It grows very commonly in corn-fields, gardens, and on the fides of banks; flowering from April to July.
The juice of it given to two ounces, with whey, gently opens the body, purifies (asit is called) the blood, refifts
the Ícurvy, removes eruptions of the ikin, andatoo great rednefs of the face, if exercife in the fpring be joined
with it. The extract, or infpiflated juice'of it, appears to be the moft eligible form, of which one dram loofens
the belly ; Haller. bifi. belv. p. 150. | |
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‘TRirouium ornirHopopiowes. Binpsroor TRerort.
TRIFOLIUM Lina: Gen. Pl. DiapELPpHIA DECANDRIA.
Flores fübcapitati. Legumen vix calyce longius, non dehifcens, deciduum.
Rau Syn. Gen. 23. HERBE FLORE PAPILIONACEO SEU LEGUMINOSA.
TRIFOLIUM ornithopodioides leguminibus nudis octofpermis fubternis, calycibus duplo longioribus,
caulibus declinatis. .Lzzwe: Syfi. Pegetab. p. 571.. Sp. Pl. 1078.
MEDICAGO leguminibus ternatis, erectis, recurvis, defcendentibus, pedunculo communi. Hort. Cif: 376.
TRIFOLIUM filiquofum loto affine filiquis ornithopodii. Pluk. phyt. 4. 68. fig. t.
F/ENUMGR/ECUM humile repens, ornithopodii filiquis brevibus erectus. Raiz Sym. ps 231, ee
greek with Birds-foot Trefoil Pods, tab. 14. fig..1. Hudfon Fl. Angl. p. 282.
Oeder Fl. Dan. icon. 369.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. b. 403.
Li
RADIX fimplex, albida, fibrofa, tuberculis obfita. ROOT fimple, whitifh, fibrous, and befet with little |
knobs or tubercles.
STALKS numerous and procumbent, in a moift or
rich foil from four to fix inches in length,
but moft commonly from two to three, thick-
ifh for thefize of the plant, and fomewhat rigid.
CAULES plures, procumbentes, in humidiore aut pin-
guiore folo palmares aut fefquipalmares alias
vix quandrantales, craffiufculi, et fubrigidi.
LEAVES very fmall, growing by threes, inverfely
heart-fhaped, deeply notched, fo as to appear
as if gnawed, {mooth, the veins ftraight, and
not branched, jig. 7.
FOLIA perexigua, terna, obcordata, profunde denti-
culata et veluti erofa, levia, venis rectis non
ramofis, fig. 7.
STIPULZ ad bafin foliorum bine, magnz, venofz,
acuminatze.
STIPULA/E at the bafe of the leaves two, large, veiny,
and pointed.
FLOWERS axillary, pale red, fitting on exceedingly
Íhort foot-ftalks, growing three or two toge-
ther, fometimes fingly.
FLORES axillares, carnei, pedunculis breviffimis in-
fidentes, terni, bini aut etiam folitarii.
CALYX: a PrznuiaNTHIUM which is tubular, with
five teeth, permanent, fmooth, ftriated, the -
tecth acuminated, naked, the two uppermoft
longeft, fig. 1.
CALYX: PzarawTHiUM tubulofum, quinquedenta-
tum, perfiftens, leve, ftriatum, dentibus a-
cuminatis, nudis, duobus fuperioribus longi-
oribus, fig. 1.
COROLLA papilonaceous; the STANDARD turning
COROLLA papilionacea: VEXILLUM reflexum : AL
back; andthe Wines feparating, fig. 2.
divergentes, fig. 2.
PISTILLUM : GzzMzN oblongum, villofum, fig. 3. PISTILLUM : GzazwEN oblong and villous, fig. 3.
SEED-VESSEL, a large LzcvMEN, twice the length
of the Calyx, thetip ending in a point and
bending downward, with difficulty {plitting
into two valves, jig. 4, 5.
PERICARPIUM: Lzecumen magnum, calyce duplo
longius, apice mucronata incurvá, in duas val-
vulas egre dehifcens, fig. 4, 5.
SEMINA fex ad decem, difformia, pallida, maculata,
Jig. 6
SEEDS from fix to ten, irregular, pale and. fpotted,
jig. 6.
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THIS little plant is perhaps more common in this country than is generally imagined, and has probably
been overlooked from its minutenefs.
It appears to delight in a dry, expofed, gravelly or fandy foil, in which the Arenaria rubra, Trifolium fub-
Terraneum, Fefuca ovina, and Sagina erecta ufually grow. . |
_ I have found it plentifully in Torbi/l-fields, Weftminfer, and on Blackheath. Mr. HupsoN mentions its grow-
ing near Penzance, in Cornwall; and Mr. Licutroor in Scotland.
This plant is not like the Trifolium fubterraneum, ftrikingly vifible at a diftance, but is to be difcovered
only by carrying the eye near the ground. When once found, there is no difficulty in diftinguifhing it from
the other fpecies. Its leaves are fmooth, and much notched or gnawed at the edges; its flowers are pale red ;
its feed-veflels remarkably large, and growing moft commonly two or three together, in which ftate they
fomewhat refemble a bird's claw, but not in fo great a degree as the Ormithopus, or true Birds-foot does: the
feed-veflels are fometimes fingle.
Cultivated in a garden, it grows to a much larger plant than is reprefented. on the plate.
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" RiFoLIUM SUBTERRANEUM. SUBTERRANEOUS 'Í REFoiL.
*TRIFOLIUM Linnai Gen, Pl DiAbELPHIA DECANDRIA:
Flores fübcapitati: Legumen vix calyce longius, non dehifcens, deciduutn:
Raii Syn. Gen. 23. HERB FLORE PAPILIONACEO SEU LEGUMINOS &
TRIFOLIUM /ubterraneum capitulis villofis fubquinquefloris, coma centrali reflexa rigida fru&um
obvolvente. Linnai Syfl. Vegetabs p. 5722 Sp. Pl. f. 1080;
TRIFOLIUM pumilum fupinum, flofculis longis albis; P5. Brit. Rait Syn. p. 337. fab. x1tts fig. 2.
TRIFOLIUM parvum Monfpeffulanui album cum paucis floribus. J. Bawhins 11: 380.
TRIFOLIUM album tricoccum fubterraneuth reticulatum. Mori/on, Hift. Owe 11.138. 5. 115 4 14. fo 5.
TRIFOLIUM /ubterrateum feu folliculos fub terram condens. Magnol. Botan, Mon/p. 265. Gouan Fl.
Monfp. b. 198. |
Hudfon. Fl. Angl. p. 286. ed. 2. f. 328.
ROOT annual, fimple, and fibrous.
STALKS about three inches in length, frequently
much longer, round, thickifh, branched, pro-
cumbent, and asit were preffed to the ground;
covered with foft hairs.
STIPULZE oval, pointed, and ribbed. —
LEAF-STALKS a little longet than the flower-ftalks,
. .and thickly covered with hairs.
LEAVES growing by threes, inverfely heart-fhaped,
foft, villous, intire at the edges, and frequent-
| ly variegated with purple fpots;
FLOWER-STALKS fupporting three or four flow-
ers; and bending towards the earth as they
TUM decay. |
FLOWERS white, long, and conípicuous at a dif-
tance.
CALYX: a Perranruium oblong, tubular, on the
upper part red, having five long flender hairy
teeth the length of the tube, fig. 8, mag.
COROLLA oblong, twice the length of the calyx,
white: SrANDAnD ftriped with faint purple
veins: Wines clofing, fhorter than the
ftandard: Kerr fmall, inclofed within the
| wings, fig. Ie .
PISTILLUM: Germen oval: Sryze long, flender,
afcending: Sricma roundith, fix. 9.
RADIX annua, fimplex, fibrofa.
CAULES teretes, craffiufculi, ratiofi, procumbentes
et terrze velut appreffi, villofi.
STIPULZ ovato-lanceolate, nérvofz, » x
" PETIOLI pedunculis paulo longiores, denfé pilofi.
FOLIA terna, obcordata, mollia, villofa, integerrima;
maculis purpureis fzepe variegata;
PEDUNCULI triflori aut quadriflori, perdét4 floret-
centià verfus terram inflexi
FLORES albi, longi, procul confpicui.
CALYX: Perrantuium oblongum, tubulatum, fu-
perne rubrum, quinquedentatum, dentibus fe-
taceis, pilofis, longitudine tubi, fig. 8, auct.
COROLLA oblonga, calyce duplo longior, alba:
VEXILLUM venis dilute purpureis ftriatum :
Ar conniventes, vexillo breviores : CARINA
parva, brevis, alis inclufa, jig. 1.
PISTILLUM: GznaMEN ovatum: Srvrus longus,
tenuis, adfcendens: Stigma fubrotundum,
m nee Lecumen fubrotundum, mono-
Ípermum, jig. 6.
SEMEN magnum, nitidum, fpadiceum, fig. 7.
OBS. peracta florefcentid, pedunculi verfus terram de-
fle&untur, et filamenta alba radiculis emula
extremitatibus fuis exferunt, jig. 2. he vero
terram nequaquam penetrant, at furfum eri-
guntur, mox apices ftellatim expanduntur,
figs 3. et demum pericarpia obvolvunt, jig. 5.
SEED-VESSEL : à roundifh Pop containing one feed,
ig. 6. |
SEED large, fhining, of a purplifh colour, fg. 7.
OBS. The flowering being over, the flower-ftalks are
bent towards the earth, and from their extre-
mities put forth white filaments like roots,
jig. 2. thefe do not however penetrate the
earth, but rife upwards, their tips foon ex-
panding into little flars, fig. 3. and finally
inclofe the feed-veflels, fig. 5.
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NOTWITHSTANDING this plant appears to have obtained its name of /ubterraneum from a mifapprehenfion
of its oeconomy, we have chofen to retain it, rather than introduce confufion by altering a name fo long eftablifh-
ed, efpecially as it has a tendency to excite an enquiry into the hiftory of the plant.
Ray, in his Hjf. P/. has given a very accurate defcription of this plant, and related every circumftance which
takes place in its oeconomy with his ufual precifion, except the following; ** Floículis delapfis aut marcefcentibus
** calices ad pediculum refle&untur et capitula fub terra condunt." Were he afferts, that the capituli or little heads,
are buried in the earth by means of the calycesor flower cups, but does not explain in what manner. In the
third edition of his Syzoffis, publifhed by DirrENivs, in a note added to this plant, contained in a parenthefis, the
following account occurs : ** Calices flofculis exaridis deorfum tendunt, radicefque extremitatibus fuis agere vi-
** dentur, mox vero laciniis eorum furfum verfis peculiaribus fibris humo afiguntur, quo tempore unum alterumve
** femen terreni humoris beneficio intumefcit, novzque plantz productioni infervit." Here is an attempt to ac-
count for the manner in which the heads are buried, founded however on a miftaken obfervation; for notwith-
ftanding what authors have related, the feeds are not buried in any unufual way, nor is thereany apparatus to effec it.
It mutt be allowed, that on the firft examination of this plant, one would be tempted to think that young roots
did actually fpring from fome part of the feed asit lay on the ground connected with the plant; but a more ftri&
obfervation would difcover, that thofe white filaments which have the appearance of roots, were not roots in reali-
ty; that they fprung from the end of the foot-ftalk which fupports the flowers, and not from either the calyx or
feed; that inftead of penetrating into the earth, they foon turned upward, put on a ftar-like appearance at their ex-
tremities, and finally inclofed the feed-veffels in a kind of prickly head.
There is certainly fomething very extraordinary in this procefs of nature, yet it does not appear to be ufeful in
any other way, than as affording fome kind of fecurity to the feeds, which have not that thick coriaceous covering
afforded to many of the Trefoils.
This fpecies, from thefe fingular circumftances, is eafily diftinguifhed from the others. It is not mentioned ei-
ther by Hatver, Scorori, or Linnus in his F/. Suvecic. but occurs in Gouan’s Fl. Monfpeliac.
It grows with us in expofed gravelly fituations, particularly on heaths, and is diftinguifhable even at a diftance
by its white bloffoms. It occurs on many parts of Black-heath; and Howersin June, July, and Auguft.
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"LT RIFOLIUM FRAGIFERUM STRAWBERRY 'lngroiL.
TRIFOLIUM, Linnei Gen, Pl. Diaverenia DECANDRIA.
Flores fubcapitati. Legumen vix calyce longior, non dehifcens, deciduum.
Rai Syn, Gen. 23. HERBH FLORE PAPILIONACEO SEU LEGUMINOSJE.
TRIFOLIUM fragiferum fpicis fubrotundis, calycibus inflatis bidentatis reflexis, caulibus fepentibus.
Linne: Syft. Vegetab p. $74« Sp. Pl. p. 1086. Fi. Suecic. 5. 26.
TRIFOLIUM caule repente 5 fpicis glabris; calycibus fericeis, ampullafcentibus, Haller. bifl. sw. 370.
TRIFOLIUM fragiferum Scopoli Fl. Carniol s. 933.
TRIFOLIUM fragiferum frificum. Baubin pin. 329.
TRIFOLIUM fragiferum Gerard. emac. 1208.
Rau Sym 329. Strawberty Trefoil.
Hudjon Fl. Angl. b. 286.
ROOT perennial, white, befet with little grains.
STALKS creeping, purplifh, extending to à confiderable
length, branched, round, and fmooth.
STIPULZE oval, with a long point, and reticulated.
FOOT-STALKS ofthe flowers, fingle, long, round,
{mooth, and nearly upright.
HEADS of the flowers fmall, roundifh, like thofe of the
Creeping or Dutch Clover, but {maller and
more purple: to thefe fucceed the heads con-
taining the fruit, which are round, flefh co-
loured, the fize of a {mall nutmeg, and very
much refembling Strawberries.
LEAVES growing three together, fitting on foot-ftalks,
fhghtly hairy, inverfly oval, fmooth; the
younger ones fometimes hairy, fharply fer-
rated, and terminating in a fhort point; the
veins divaricating at the margin.
CALYX: INvorvcnuM confifting of many fetaceous fo-
holi or little leaves: PERIANTHIUM tubular,
villofe, gibbous above, having five teeth, the
three lowermoft of which are equal, with
long green points, the two uppermoft a little
longer, with tapering rigid reddifh points,
Jig. 2. 3. 4. the gibbous part of the calyx at
length becomes wonderfully changed, increa-
fed, fwollen, reticulated, and covers the peri-
carpium ; füll however retaining its teeth.
RADIX perennis, fimplex, alba, granulis obfita.
CAULES repentes, purpurafcentes, in longum exten-
fi, ramofi, teretes, lzeves.
SIIPULZE ovato-acuminate, reticulate.
PEDUNCULI folitarii, longi, teretes, leves, erectiuf-
culi.
CAPITULI floriferi parvi, fubrotundi, T'rifolii repen-
tis emuli, at minores, et magis purpurei; his
fuccedunt Capituli fructiferi, rotundi, carnei,
magnitudine nucis myriftice parve, Fraga-
tus mentientes.
FOLIA terna, petiolis hirfutulis infidentia, obovata,
levia, juniora vero leniter hirfuta, acute fer-
rata, mucronata, venis ad marginem divarican-
tibus.
CALYX: IxvorvenvM polyphyllum, foliolis fetaceis,
PERIANTHIUM tubulofum, villofum, fupra gib-
bofum, quinquedentatum, dentibus tribus in-
ferioribus zequalibus acuminatis viridibus, duo-
bus fuperioribus paulo longioribus, fubulatis,
rgidulis, apicibus rufis, jig. 2. 2. 4. pars gib-
bofa calycis demum mire mutatur, augetur,
inflatur, reticulata fit, et pericarprum obtegit ;
dentes vero retinet. fig. 8.
fig. 8.
COROLLA papilionaceous, and of a purple colour;
the VExiLLuM longer than the Ale, flat and
ftreaked with rofe-coloured lines ; the Wines
fhort and very fmall; the Kren fhorter than
the Wings. /fg. 2. each flofculeis fupported by a
{mall, tapering, hollow leaf, or palea. jig. 1.
STAMINA like moft of thofe in this genus: Aw THERJE
yellow. fis. 6.
PISTILLUM : Germen oval: Styze the length of the
Stamina: Stigma forming alittle head. fg. 7.
SEED-VESSEL: an oval, flatten'd Legumen, con-
taining one or two feeds, and ccver'd over
with the inflated calyx. jig. 9. 10.
J£
SEED of an oval kidney fhape and fhining. jig. 11.
COROLLA papilionacea, purpurea; VExrLLvM Alis
longior, compreffum, lineis rofeis pictum;
ALJE breves, minime; Carina Alis brevior ;
fg.2: unufquifque flofculus paleà concava,
{ubulata, fuffulcitur. fg. 1.
STAMINA ut in plerifque hujus generis; ANTHERE
flavae. jig. 6.
PISTILLUM : GERMEN ovatum: Sryrvs longitudine
framinum : STIGMA capitatum. jg. 7.
PERICARPIUM : LzGuMEN ovatum compreffum dif-
permum aut monofpermum, calyce inflato ob-
tectum. fig. 9. IO.
SEMEN ovato-reniforme, nitidum. frg. ir.
"CEA C AE 664€ e 6 HELE 44 HE AE 6 16H HELE HELE ELE HEE HE EAE HEHEHE HEHEHE HELE 44164444 44414444 14414 4446 4 44544 HEE HEHEHE
The beautiful Strawberry like appearance of the capituli or little heads, containing the feed of this plant, and
which arife from a very peculiar circumftance, the inflation or enlargement of the calyx after the blofiom is over,
in a very ftriking manner diftinguifhes this fpecies from the Trifolium repens, to which in its general habit it is very
nearly allied. It differs from the repens alfo in feveral other refpects; the whole plant is fmaller ; the bloffoms are
of a more purple hue ; its place of growth is alfo fomewhat different : the repens fcems to delight in a dry gravelly
foil, the fragiferum onthe contrary, moft ufually occurs in a moift fituation; noris it fo common a plant as the
repens; yet it abounds in many places about London. I have obferved it plentifully in the lanes about Horafey,
alfo near Pancras, and in many other parts. It flowers and produces its feeds in Auguit. —
It may with great eafe be cultivated in a Garden, if it fhould be thought worthy a place there.
Haier quotes an Author, * who fays, they have begun to cultivate it in Ireland for Cattle, and that when fown,
it has grown to the length of feven feet: without controverting this fact, which borders a little on the incredible,
we would obferve, that the Dutch Clover is certainly a much ftronger plant, and to be preferred ina dry fituation :
in moift fituations, there are many of the Grafles which may be cultivated to far greater advantage, as neither of
thefe Trefoils produce much of a crop “till latein the Summer,
* Baxer Experim. p 98.
| | | )
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Lorus conwicuLATUS. Birps-roor ‘Trerort.
LOTUS Linngi Gen, Pl. DiADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
| Legumen cylindricum, fidum, he furfum longitudinaliter. conniventes,
Cal. tubulofus.
Raii Syn. Gen. 23. HERBH FLORE PAPILIONACEO SEU LEGUMINOSA.
LOTUS corniculatus capitulis. deprefüs, caulibus decumbentibus, leguminibus cylindricis patentibus,
Lin. Syfl. Vegetab. 5. 576.
LOTUS floribus umbellatis ; filiquis cylindricis; rectiffimis. Haller. bift, belv. Pr Sila ns
LOTUS corniculatus. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. p. 86.
LOTUS five melilotus pentaphyllos minor glabra. Bauhin Pin. 332.
TRIFOLIUM filiquofum minus. Gerard. emac, 1191. Rati Sym. 334, Birds-foot Trefoil.
Hudjon Flor. Angl. b. 288.
Lightfoot Flor. Scot, p. A411.
ROOT perennial, tapering, ftrking deeply into the -
eau, |
STALKS feveral, flender, procumbent, fomewhat
fquare, afoot in length, and branched. —
LEAVES growing three together, ovate, terminating
in a fhort point; the middle leaf narrowed at
its bafe, {mooth or flightly hirfute.
STIPUL ‘two, in fome degree like the leaves, but
broader, and more pointed.
FLOWERS growing fomewhat in the form of an um-
bell, to twelve, fitting on long foot-ftalks.
CALYX: a Peritanruium tubular; below the mid-
dle furrounded by a prominent ring, having
five teeth, which are fetaceous and a little
hairy, the two uppermoft rifing upward, the
_. three lowermoft bending back, fig. 1.
COROLLA papilionaceous and yellow: the . VExir-
LUM turned back; on its upper part of au o-
range colour, underneath, atits bafe, marked
with about eight lines: Wines two, yellow
and blunt at the tips: Krzr gibbous below,
.. mTifinp upwards, and pointed, fg. 2.
STAMINA: ten FiLAMENTS, nine uniting ina tubes
the fingle one loofe; the tips of all of them
. dilated, and white: ANrHER# {mall and
|. yellow, fig. 3, 45 5, 6+
PISTILLUM: Germen flender, roundifh, and bent
. downward: STYLE riüng upwards, and
| firaight: SIGMA very minute, fig. 7,.8, 9.
SEED-VESSEL: acylindrical LecumEN oftwo valves,
divided into a kind of cells, fomewhat in the
manner of the Radifh, fig. 10.
SEEDS numerous, more than twenty, fmall, fome-
what kidney-fhaped, and ípotted, fig. 11, 12.
RADIX perennis, fubfufiformis, in terram alte defcen-
dens.
CAULES plurimi, tenues, procumbentes, fubquadrati,
edales, ramofi. |
FOLIA terna, ovata, mucronata, foliolo medio bafi
anguftata, glabra aut hirfutula.
STIPULZE duz, folis quodammodo fimiles at magis
latz et acuminate.
FLORES fubumbellati, ad 12, petiolis nudis longis
infidentes.
CALYX: PrErtantuium tubulofum: infra medium
annulo prominulo cin&um, quinquedentatum,
dentibus fetaceis, hirfutulis, duobus fuperio-
ribus furfum tendentibus, tribus inferioribus
reflexis, fig. 1.
COROLLA papilionacea, flava: VgxrLtvM reflexum,
fuperne aurantiacum, interne ad bafin lineis
octo circiter notatum: Ar; due, flave, api-
cibus obtufis : Carina inferne gibba, adfcen-
dens, acuminata, fie. 2. =
STAMINA: FIiLAMENTA decem, novem in tubum
| coalita, fimplici libero, apicibus omnium di-
latatis, albis : ANTHER parve, flavae, fig. 3,
4; 5, 6. "Y Me
PISTILLUM GERMEN tenue, teretiufculum, incur-
vum: STYLvs adícendens, rectus: STIGMA
minimum, jig. 7, 9, 9.
PERICARPIUM : Lecumen cylindricum, bivalve,
ifthmis quafi interceptum, more raphani,
Por
SEMINA plurima, ultra xx, parva, fubrebiformiaj -
maculata, fg. 11, 12; sve |
DOLUS A444 444 4-670414 44644 46A 4 AA 44444446446 A A444 REAL 41440445405 4444 464644 4446 446444
THE following extract relative to this plant, is fele&ted from the firft volume of Mr. ANDERson’s Ejfays
relating to Agriculture and rural affairs, page 419. (22152 Lum) UWO*
While the practical remarks, and judicious hints, fcattered through this performance, fhew the author to be a
man of real genius, and far fuperior to the common run of writers on thefe fubje&ts, we cannot but regret, that a
want of botanic knowledge pervades the whole, and in fome degree, defeats the laudable defign of the ingenious
effayift. In no one plant, is this inaccuracy more obfervable than in the prefent, which we fhall point out;
hoping, that as the author has in fome parts of his work, fhewn himfelf well acquainted with chemical know-
ledge, fome future edition may demonftrate, that he thought Borany equally worthy of his attention.
. . *'Mirk-vgTCH, liquorice-vetch, or milk-wort, as it is differently called,—the * 4fragalus glycyphyllos of Hudfon,
. * js a plant common in every part of the ifland; although it has never yet, that I have heard of, been attempted
* to be cultivated.”
* 'l'he general appearance of this humble plant, is, in fome refpe&s, very like that of the common white-
* clover ; although its leaves upon a nearer examination are not exactly fimilar to them. From the top of the
| ** root
*Ttis very evident, from the whole tenor of the authors defeription, that he has given a wrong name to the plant he wifhed to recommend.
The plant he defcribes, is the Lotus corwiculatus of Hupson, or Birds-foot Frefoil, amd not the Afragalus Glyeyphyllos, or Liquorice-Vetch,
which is by no means a common plant.
** root there comes out in the fpring a great number of {mall fhoots that fpread along the furface of the ground
every way around it; from which arife a great many clufters of bright yellow flowers, exactly refembling thofe
** of common broom in fhape, fize and colour ; which are fucceeded by hard round pods, filled with ímall kidney-
* fhaped feeds. — And as three or four of thefe pods ufually adhere to one foot-ftalk, from which they fpread open
** at the points, a little refembling the fingers of an open hand; they have from this circumftance been by the vul-
gar in fome places called ladies-fingers ; while others more ftruck with the refemblance that thefe pods bear to
* the foot of a bird, have diftinguifhed it by the name of crow-toes; and others from the appearance of the blof-
form and the part where the plant is found, have called it fea/, or by corruption fe// broom. It is found plenti-
fully almoft every where in old grafs-fields ; but as every fpecies of domeític animal eats it, almoft in preference
to every other plant, it is feldom allowed to come to flower in pafture grounds, unlefs where they have
** been accidentally faved from the cattle for fome time ; fo that it 1s only about the borders of corn-fields, or the
fides of inclofures to which cattle have not accefs, that we have an opportunity of obferving it. As it has been
imagined that the cows which feed on theíe paftures where this abounds, yield a great quantity of rich milk,
** the plant has from that circumftance obtained its moft proper Englifh name of milk-vetch."
** But the circumftance that firft recommended it to my notice, was the having obferved that.it grows and flou-
rifhes in poor barren ground where almoft no other plant can be made to live. I have feen it in the midft
of a barren moor, where the foil was fo poor that even heath, or ling (erica communis) could hardly grow, and
upon bare obdurate clays where no other plant could be made to vegetate; infomuch that the furface remained
entirely uncovered, unlefs where a plant of this kind chanced to be eftablifhed; yet even in thefe unfavourable
‘ circumftances, it flourifhed with an uncommon degree of luxuriance, and yielded as tender and fucculent, though
‘ not fuch abundant fhoots, which affumed as fine a verdure as if they had been reared in the richeft manured fields,
** [ have likewife feen it in dry and barren fands, where almoft no other plant could be made to live; and there alfo
‘it fends out fuch a number of healthy fhoots all round, as covers the earth with the clofeft and moft beautiful
** carpet that can be defired.” het.
SN
[Ai
S
n
oe
« The ftalks of this plant, as has been faid, are weak and flender, fo that they fpread upon the furface of the
ground, unlefe they are fupported by fome other vegetable. In ordinary foils, they do not grow toa great length,
‘nor produce a great many flowers,—branch out a good deal, but carry few or no flowers or feeds: and as I firit
** took notice of it only on poor foils, it was purely with a view to pafture that I firft refolved to cultivate it; and
with this intention fowed it with my ordinary hay-feeds, expecting no material benefit from it till I defifed from
cutting my field; but found myfelf agreeably difappointed, asit grew the firft feafon as tall as my great clover,
and formed the fineft hay I ever faw ; it being fcarce diftinguifhable from Lucerne, but by the flendernefs of the
*€ {talk and proportional {mallnefs of the leaf.” |
Li
=
*€ It is nearly allied to Lucerne in its botanical chara&ers; and refembles that valuable plant in many other ref-
pe&s. Like it, it is perennial,—fends down a long root to a great depth in the foil, which is at firft fmall and gra-
dually increafes with age, tillit at length becomes of a very confiderable fize; fo that it is feveral years after 1t
is firft {owed before it attains its full perfection: but when it 1s once eftablifhed, it probably remains there for a
prodigious number of yearsin full vigour, and produces annually a great quantity of fodder. In autumn 1773,
I cut the ftalk from an old plant of it that grew in a very indifferent foil; and after having dried it thoroughly,
** found that it weighed fourteen ounces and a half. Like Lucerne, it is never affected with. the fevereft droughts
** that we experience : but it does not refemble it in delicatenefs of conftitution, as it thrives in the füffeft clays,
** and is able to ftand its ground among grafs or any other weeds.”
€
an
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‘6 As this plant only produces feeds in abundance upon poor hungry foils that could hardly afford nourifhment to
** any other, and as the flalks fpread out clofe upon the furface of the ground, it fcems to me, that the greateft bar
** to the cultivating thereof, will be the difficulty of obtaining the feeds in abundance ; as in thefe circumítances they
** muft always be gathered by the hand: but as it is an abiding plant, thofe who have fuch foils as moft ftand in
<< need of having plants of this fort fowed upon them, may be ata little trouble and expence to get them once properly
* laid down with this grafs, as it will be only once that they will need to doit. But it is poffible, that future ex-
* perience may difcover fome eafier way of procuring the feeds than hath as yet occurred to me.
n
« 'T'he ftalks of this plant die down entirely.in winter, and do not come up in the fpring till the fame time that
** clover begins to advance; fothatit can never be of ufe but as a fummer pafture:—Neither does it advance very
«€ £faft after it is cut down, or eat over even in fummer.—But the great clofenefs of the fhoots may probably counter-
* balance that defect.” |
Whether this plant be deferving of the encomiums here beftowed on it, the practical farmer mutt determine.
There appears no reafon why feed might not be obtained from it, as well as from any of the other papilionaceous
plants; and it fhould feem, that thofe forts of land which are not rich enough to bear Clover and other {trong
growing plants, might be much improved by the introduétion of the birds-foot. Trefoil.
In wet and boggy fituations this plant grows much taller and becomes very hairy.
The infect called by Linnzus Thrips glauca, fometimes renders the flowers tumid and monftrous. Lighif. FI. Scot.
NT
| rm
C
p
Mepicaco LUPULINA. Hore Mepicx.
MEDICAGO Linnai Gen. Pl, DiapELPHIA DECANDRIA.
Legumen compreflum, cochleatum. Carmacorolle a vexillo dedd&tenu,
Rati Syn. Gen. HERBE FLORE PAPILIONACEO SEU LEGUMINOSA.
MEDICAGO J/upulina fpicis ovalibus, leguminibus reniformibus monofpermis, caulibus procumbentibus,
Linn. Syft. Vegetab. B. $77. Flor. Suecic. m. 678. |
MEDICA caule diffufo, capitulis hemifphzricis, filiquis reniformibus. Haller hift. No. 380. B
MEDICA Jupulina. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. No. 940.
TRIFOLIUM pratenfe luteum, capitulo breviore. Baubin. pins 328.
TRIFOLIUM luteum lupulinum. Gerard emac. 1186. Rai Sys. 331. Melilot Trefoil,
TRIFOLIUM montanum lupulinum. Parkinfon 1105.
Hudfon. Fl, Angl. ed. 1. f. 282. ed. 2. f. 33%
Lightfoot. Fl. Scot.
: z - eee "
RADIX biennis, fufiformis, paucis fibrillis inftructa,
profunde penetrans.
CAULES procumbentes, numerofi, pedales, fuban-
gulofi, hirfutuh, ramofi.
ROOT biennial, tapering, fürnifhed with few fibres,
and penetrating deep into the earth.
STALKS procumbent, numerous, about a foot long,
fomewhat angular, flightly hairy, and bran-
ched.
LEAVES growing three together, inverfely heart or
egg-fhaped, fomewhat bluntly indented, ter-
minated by a broad fhort point, foft, pubef-
cent, particularly on the under fide.
STIPUL two, ovato-lanceolate, acuminated, notch-
ed with little teeth.
SPICULA:, firft roundifh, afterwards oval, the tips
fomewhat incurvated, and naked at bottom
on one fide.
CALYX a Periantuivm of one leaf, fomewhat hai-
ry, having five teeth, which are unequal ;
the three lowermoft longeft ; the two upper
ones fhorter, and remote from each other.
COROLLA yellow, {mall, longer than the Calyx:
STANDARD turning back, with a flight notch,
Ípreading below: Wines and Keen very
{mall, and bending below.
STAMINA connected by the Firamenrs: ANTHE-
. ARE yellow.
PISTILLUM : Germen fomewhat oval.and flat:
STYLE the length of the Stamina, thick, and
bending upwards: Sricma forming a little
head.
SEED-VESSEL: a kidney-fhaped Lecumen, flat,
wrinkled, of a black colour, {pirally twifted,
and flightly villous, fig. 1.
SEED fingle, oval, fmooth, and of a yellowiíh colour,
Jig. 2.
FOLIA terna, obcordata, aut obovata, obtufiufculé
dentata, mucrone brevi latá terminata, mol-
lia, pubefcentia, averíà praecipue parte.
STIPUL/Z/E dua, ovato-lanceolatz, acuminate, den-
ticulatze,
SPICUL primum fubrotundz, poftea ovales, apici-
bus fubincurvatis, bafi ad unum latus nudis.
CALYX: Periantutum monophyllum, fubpilofum,
quinquedentatum, dentibus inzqualibus, tri-
bus inferioribus longioribus, duobus fuperio-
ribus brevioribus, remotis.
COROLLA lutea, parva, Calycelongior; VExiLLUM
reflexum, emarginatum, inferne patens ; ALZ
et CARINE minime, fubzquales.
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA connexa: ANTHERS lu-
fez.
PISTILLUM: Germen fubovatum compreffum :
STYLUS longitudine Staminum, craffum, fur-
fum curvatum : STIGMA capitatum.
PERICARPIUM : Lecumen reniforme, comprefium,
rugofum, nigrum, fpiraliter cochleatum, fub-
villofum, jig. 1. v
SEMEN unicum, ovatum, lave, flavefcens, fig. 2.
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MANY of our Zrefoils bear a confiderable affinity to each other, and the prefent plant is often confounded with
. fome of them : but fimilar as it may be in its leaves, its parts of fructification will always direct the ftudent aright
in his inveftigation of it ; its feed-veffells in particular, being totally different from thofe of the Lrefails. vid. fig. 1, 2.
The leaves and ftalks of this plant are frequently more hairy than thofe 77efo//s for which it is liable to be
miftaken, except the /ubterranewm, which is ufually fmaller ; and in general the more barren the foil in which this
plant grows, the more downy does it appear: by culture it grows much larger and becomes {moother.
Its flowers are fmaller and more clofely compacted than thofe of the Trifolium agrarium and procumbens, to both
of which it bears a great fimilarity ; nor are the fpikes fo exa&ly round as in thofe plants, but ufually of an oval,
or oblong fhape, particularly when fomewhat advanced ; and when the feeds are ripe, the plant is diftinguifhed at
firft fight, by its black feed-veflells.
The Hop Medick has of late years, been much cultivated in different parts of the kingdom; and in different
counties, 1t has been diftinguithed by different names, as thofe of Trefoil, Black Seed, and Non-fuch.
As the name of Zrefoil tends to confound this plant with the true Yrefoi/s, or Genus Trifolium, I have ventured
to call it Hop Medick, there being already a plant called Hop Trefoil, viz. Trifolium agrarium, which though not at
prefent in culture, may perhaps be introduced at fome future period.
The Hop Medick is often town by itfelf, and often with Ray Grafs; and though it does not produce fo large a
crop as the Broad-leaved Clover, it is fuppofed to afford a fweeter one, and a, food particularly adapted to Sheep.
Its natural fituation is a dry one, and its foil fandy, hence we find it wild on dry banks and on hilly paftures,
flowering in June and July. Its feed is ripe in Auguft
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SONCHUS Liuuei Gen. Ph SYwmGENEsIA PoLyGamia EQUALIS,
| Recept. nudum. Cal. imbricatus ventricofus. Pappus pilofus.
Raii Syn. Gen, 6. HERBH FLORE COMPOSITO, NATURA PLENO LACTESCENTES,
SONCHUS oleraceus pedunculis tomentofis calycibus glabris. Linner Syfl. Vegetab. p. 594. Flor. Suecic;
f. 269. Sp. Plant. p. 1116.
SONCHUS foliis amplexicaulibus, dentatis, integris aut femipinnatis, calycibus levibus, Haller. hj.
| fp 10. mats
HIERACIUM oleraceum. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. p. 110.
SONCHUS levis laciniatus latifolius. Bauhin. Pin. 124.
SONCHUS levis. Ger. emac. 292.
SONCHUS vulgaris. Parkinfon. 805.
Ras Sys. 162. Hudfom Fl. Angl. ps 294. ed. 2. f. 336.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. p. 428.
RADIX annua, fimplex, fibrofa, albida, lactefcens. ROOT annual, fimple, fibrous, whitifh, and milky.
CAULIS pedalis ad tripedalem, levis, purpurafcens,
tener, fiftulofus, ad bafin teres fuperne fub-
angulofus, ramofus.
STALK from one to three feet high, fmooth, purplith,
tender, hollow, at bottom. round, towards
the top fomewhat angular, and branched.
LEAVES embracing the ftalk, fmooth, glaucous;
the midrib purplith ; the /ower ones pinnatifid,
confifting of two or three pair of pinnae,
which are indented, and each terminated by
a little fpine ; the fide ones oval, the end one
large and triangular; the upper leaves intire,
oval, pointed with a broad bate.
FOLIA amplexicaulia, levia, glauca, hervo medio
purpurafcente, zaferiora pinnatifida, pinnarum
paria duo aut tria, pinnis dentatis fpinulo ter-
minatis, lateralibus ovatis, terminali magno
triangulari, /wperiora integra, ovato-acuta,
bafi lato.
FLOWER-STALKS downy, but becoming fmooth
by age.
PEDUNCULI tomentofi, per aetatem nudi.
Y
Y
H
Y
M
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
M
1
Y
Y
¥
M
Y
Y
Y
Y
:
CALYX communis ante florefcentiam cylindraceus, Y CALYX: the common Calyx before the flowering,
et quafi truncatus, poítea ventricofo-conicus, i cylindrical, and asit were cut off at top, af-
{quamis plurimis, inequalibus, levibus, a~ y terwards bellying out, and. forming a cone,
cuminatis, fig. I, 2. Y covered with numerous fmooth, unequal,
i pointed feales, ffe. 1, 2.
Y
Y
Y
M
Y
M
Y
Y
Y
Y
H
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
i
Y
1
Y
Y
¥
Y
COROLLA compoutrid, imbricated and uniform; the
FroscurEs monopetalous, the upper part flat,
with five teeth, fig. 3.
COROLLA compofita, imbricata, uniformis: Fros-
CULIs monopetalis, hgulatis, quinquedenta-
tis, jig. 3.
STAMINA uniting into a cylinder: AwTHERX yel-
low, the tip blackifh.
STAMINA in cylindrum coalita: AwrHERZ flave,
apicibus nigricantibus.
PISTILLUM : GeRMEN fübovatum : Srtrvs filifor-
mis, ftaminibus longior: Stiemara duo,
tenuia, patentia.
PISTILLUM : GrermMen nearly oval : Svr filiform,
longer than the Stamina: STIGMATA two,
flender and fpreading.
SEMEN oblongum, compreffum, fulcatum, fcabriuf-
| culum: Parvus feffilis, fimplex, tenuiffimus,
MO ROS
RECEPTACULUM nudum, punQis prominulis fca-
brum, lucidum, jig. 6.
SEED oblong, flattened, grooved, roughifh: Doww
feffile, fimple, very fine, fig. 4, 5.
points, and fhining, jig. 6.
THE Sowzthiile is fubje& to many varieties, forme of which have differed fo much from the common appearance
of this plant, as to have occafioned them to be confidered as diftin& fpecies. Thus HaLier makes the Sonchus afper,
or prickly Sowtbifile, a diftinct fpecies : and the old Botanifts formed feveral other fpecies of it from different cir-
cumftances; as fize, breadth, divifions of its leaves, &c. But the generality of Botanifts feem now difpofed to
confider them all as the fame, varying from foil, fituation, &c. The prickly variety feems to be the only one that.
has any pretenfions to be confidered as diftin@:: but if any perfon will be at the pains to examine a garden overun
with thefe plants, he will readily trace it into the fmooth. .
This plant appears to have been little regarded as a medicine; but asa favourite food of Hares and Rabbits, itis
collected with great avidity. .
It abounds moft in gardens and cultivated ground; yet is fometimes met with on walls.
Being a large plant, and of quick growth, it is one of thofe which ufually appear in néglected gardens,
overunning moft others, and proving more injurious to the flovenly gardener than the farmer.
_It flowers chiefly in July, Auguít, and September.
_ According to the experiments made by fome of Linnaus’s pupils, and pubhfhed originally in the Amenitates
* Academice, it appears that it is eaten by Goats, Sheep, and Swine, but not relifhed by Horfes.
The young tender leaves are in fome countries, boiled and eaten as greens; Lightfoot Fl. Scot.
*In the 2d. vol. of Effays relating to Agriculture and rural affairs, by Mrz. ANDERSON, there is a tranflation of thefe experiments.
RECEPTACLE naked, rough with little prominent
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TUSSILAGO Lin. Gen. Pl. SyNGENESIA PoLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.
Recept, nudum. Pappus fimplex. Cal. íquamz equales, difcum zequantes,
fubmembranacez.
RaiiSyn, Gen. 7. HERB FLORE COMPOSITO, SEMINE PAPPOSO NON LACTESCENTES FLORE
DISCOIDE,
TUSSILAGO Petafites Thyrfo ovato, flofculis omnibus hermaphroditis. Lm, Sp. Pl po 12156
Fl. Suecic. n 746.
PETASITES floribus denfe fpicatis, flofculis androgynis. Haller bif, m 143.
TUSSILAGO Petafites. Scopoli Fl. Carn. m 1058.
PETASITES major et vulgaris. Baub. p. 197+
PETASITES Gerard ToU 814.
PETASITES vulgaris. Parkinfon. 419. Raii Syn. p. 179, Butterbur, Peftilent-wort.
Hudfon. Fl. Angl. 351. ed. 2. 364.
Lightfoot. Fl. Scot. 477.
ROOT perennial, creeping, whitifh, the thicknefs of
ones finger, or much larger in full grown
plants, running horizontally, and fending
down numerous long fibres, which grow
thicker towards the extremity.
LEAF-STALKS proceeding from the root, roundifh,
ftriated, villous, hollow on the infide, form-
ing a fheath at bottom, and purplifh.
LEAVES heart-fhaped, rounded, the edge unequally
indented, the teeth reddifh, underneath fome-
what woolly, growing very large after the
plant has flowered.
SCAPUS proceeding from the root, about feven inches
high, round, hollow, whitifh, woolly, co-
vered with lanceolate feales or leaves of a
purplith colour, ribbed, the lower ones of-
ten terminating in a {mall notched leaf.
THYRSUS firft oval, then oblong, laftly nearly coni-
cal: the flower-ftalks fupporting one flower
each, and furnifhed with floral-leaves.
FLORAL-LEAVES at the bafe of the flower-ftalks
lanceolate, purplith at top, delicate, and the
length of the flower-ftalk, fs. 1.
CALYX common to many florets, broad at top, and
{mall at bottom, fmooth, the fcales or leaves
nearly equal, lanceolate, and bending in fome-
what at top, fig. 2.
COROLLA compofed of many florets, all of which
are hermaphrodite and tubular, of a pale
purple colour, and funnel-fhaped ; the tube
long and flender ; the brim bell-fhaped, divi-
ded into five fegments, which are turned back,
RADIX perennis, repens, albida, craffitie digiti, mul-
to etiam major in adultis plantis, horizontalis,
fibras plurimas pralongas dimittens, verfus
apicem fenfim incraffatas.
PETIOLI radicales, teretiufculi, ftriati, villofi, cana-
liculati, bafi vaginati, purpurafcentes.
FOLIA cordata, rotundata, margine inzqualiter den-
tata, denticulis rufis, inferne fubtomentofa,
defloratà planta increfcentia, tandem ampliffi-
ma. |
SCAPUS radicalis, fpithameus, teres, fiftulofus, albi-
dus, tomentofus, adfperfus fquamis lanceolatis,
purpurafcentibus, nervofis, inferioribus folio-
lo crenulato terminatis.
THYRSUS primum ovatus, dein oblongus, demum
fubconicus, pedunculis unifloris, bra&tzatis.
BRACTE ad bafin pedunculorum lanceolate, apice
purpurafcentes, delicatule, longitudine pe-
dunculi, jig. 1.
CALYX communis, turbinatus, levis, fquamis fub-
zqualibus, lanceolatis, apice fubincurvatis,
Jig. 2.
COROLLA compofita ; corol/ule omnes hermaphrodite,
tubulofe, propria pallide purpurea, infundi-
buliformis, tubo filiformi, elongato, limbo
campanulato, quinquefido, lacinus reflexis,
Jig- 3.
ANTHER£ purpurez, in tubum coalite, fig. 4.
PISTILLUM: Germen teres, nudum: Srvrus-albi-
dus, antheris longior: STIGMA craffum, al-
bum, bifidum, jig. 5.
SEMINA oblonga, marcida, nigricantia, fterilia, pap-
o fimplici coronata, fig. 6.
RECEPTACULUM nudum.
THE Buiterbur though differing widely from the Co/fsfoot in the appearance of its bloom, yet agrees with it in
many particulars; the root efpecially, poffeffes the fame power of increafing the plant, by creeping under the
earth to a very great diftance; hence when once introduced into a garden, it is fcarce to be rooted out, efpecially
ifthe foil be a moift one. Was 1t not for this pernicious effect, the beautiful mode of its flowering, joined to its
early appearance, would entitle it to a place in the gardens of the curious.
The bloffoms, like thofe of the Colsfoot, make their appearance before the leaves, Ifthe {pring be mild, *
the {pike will be formed by the middle of March; but April is the month in which it oftener blows.
It does not, like the Co/tsfoot, expand its pappus or down, but the flowers change to a dirty brown colour;
and the feeds on examination, appear altogether barren. It appears difficult to account for the caufe of this fterility,
as the parts of the fru&üfication feem evidently perfect,
This lofs is however amply fupplied in another way, as will be evident from the following experiment.
April the 1ft. 1778, I planted in my garden a piece of the Butterbur root, two inches long, the thicknefs of the
little finger, with a tuft of leaves to it. November the 3d. 1779, this root with its increafe, was dug up, many
of the fhoots had extended themfelves to the diftance of fix feet, and penetrated two feet in depth T the whole
wafhed from the furrounding dirt, weighed eight pounds.
A very ingenious Swedifh botanift informed me, that the early appearance of this plant, induced the rural oecono-
mift in Sweden, to plant it near their bees, who refort much to its blofloms. ‘The above experiment fhews that this
cuftom fhould be adopted with caution, fince where this plant abounds, the ground is ío fhaded with its ample
leaves, as to produce few others. | |
The foil in which it flourifhes moft is a moift one, hence it is moft commonly found on the banks of rivers and -
ftreams. Near London it grows on the north fide of the River Thames, betwixt Wefiminfler Bridee and Chelfoa,
- Formerly it was a medicine of great repute in peitilential and other fevers; but im the modern practice it is but
little regarded,
Jig. 3.
ANTHERZE purple, united into a tube, fig. 4.
PISTILLUM : GERMEN round and naked: SrYrz
whitifh, longer than the Stamina: Sricma
thick, white, and bifid, fig. 5.
SEEDS oblong, withered, blackifh, fterile, crowned
with fimple down, fiz. 6,
RECEPTACLE naked.
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TUSSILAGO Linnai Gem. Pl. Syncenesta PoLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.
| Recept. nudum. Pappus fimplex. Cal. fquame zequales, difcum gquantes,
fubmembranacez.
Rati Syn. Gen.17. HERB FLORE é etr SEMINE PAPPOSO NON LACTESCENTES,
FLORE DISCOIDE.
TUSSILAGO rage {capo unifloroimbricato, foliis fubcordatis angulatis denticulatis. Linnei Svf.
Vegetab. p. 629. Spec. Plant. p. 1214. Fi. Suecic. t. 743. |
PETASITES fcapo unifloro; flofculis in ambitu lingulatis. Haller byt. m. 143.
TUSSILAGO Farfara. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. n. 1059.
TUSSILAGO vulgaris Bauhin pin. 197.
TUSSILAGO . Gerard emac. 811.
TUSSILAGO = Parkinfon 1220. Raii Syn. f. 173, Common Coltsfoot. Hudjon Fl, Angl. p. 315. Oeder
Fl. Dan. icon. 505»
RADIX prelonga, craffitie minimi digiti, albida, fub
terra reptans et late fe propagans, ex una parte
folia ex altera flores emittens.
ROOT very long, the thicknefs of ones little finger,
whitifh, creeping under the ground, and pro-
pagating itfelf far and wide; from one part of .
it fending forth leaves, from another part
. flowers.
LEAVES of a roundifh heart-fhaped figure, angular and
indented, underneath downy and "whitifhs Z
above T oftentimes covered with a little
down.
STALKS fupporting one flower, channeled, downy,
covered with leaves, which are ienceolace,
preffed to the ftalk and reddifh, upright, when
the. bloffoms are over hanging down, finally
becomung upright.
CALYX (common to all the florets) cylindrical; the
{quame or little leaves oblong, pointed; the
alternate ones narroweft.
COROLLA compound: the FronETS in the center
hermaphrodite, tubular, yellow ; the limb di-
vided into five fegments, which are pointed
and turn back, fig.4: ANTHERE uniting into
a tube, ne tips pointed, fe. 5: the GERMEN
fhort, fg. 8: the SrvrE foray, longer than
the Antherz, Jig. 9: the STIGMA forming a
little head, fig. to.
FLORETS in the circumference yellow, at bottom tu-
bular, the limb very narrow, fig. 3: GERMEN
oblong, fig. 6: Sticma bifid, flender, fig. 7
SESD oblong, of a pale brown Selene: ; Down fend-
ing on the feed, not feathered, fe. 11.
FOLIA fubrotundo-cordata, angulofo-dentata, inferne
tomentofa, albida, fuperne viridia faepe cum
tantillo tomenti.
SCAPI uniflori, ftriati, tomentofi, foliofi, foholis lan-
ceolatis, adpreffis, rubicundis, peracà floref-
centià nutantes, demum erect.
CALYX (communis) cylindraceus ; pou oblongis,
acutis, alternis anguftioribus, fig. 1, 2.
COROLLA compofita, CoroLLuLz in difco herma-
phroditz, tubulofz, flavz; limbo quinquef-
do, acuto, reflexo, fg. 4; ANTHERJE in tu-
bum coalitz, apicibus acutis, fig. 5 ; GERMEN
breve, fg. 8; STYLUS filiformis, Antheris
longior, frg. 9; STIGMA capitatum, jig. IO.
COROLLULAE in radiofeminez, flave, bafi tubulofz,
limbus linearis, fig. 3; GERMEN unu
jz. 6; Sr1GMA bifidum, tenue, fg. 7
SEMEN oblongum, pallide fufcum ; PASSO feffilis,
fimplex, fig. 11.
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NEXT to the Hazel, the Coltsfoot 1 is the firft flower which appears with us in the Spring ; and there is this remark-
able circumftance attending it, that its bloffoms come up generally at fome diftance from, and before its leaves:
thefe are gathered by many perfons who make a Syrup or ‘Tea of them when dried, which is generally confidered
as a PeCtoral, or ufefulin diforders of the Tange The leaves make a principal ingredient i in the Britifh Herb Tobacco.
As foon-as the flowers are out of bloom, Bnd the feeds with ther Pappus or Down, as yet moift, are inclofed with-
in the Calyx, the heads hang down as reprefented 1 in the figure: as the moifture of the feeds and pappus evaporates,
in ripening, they become lighter, and are again erected; and now the Pappus fully expands, and puts on
fomewhat the appearance of the Dandelion puff. : I have noticed this peculiarity, as the like does not take piace in
the generality of compound flowers.
. in Chariton fand pits, and many other places about Town, the Colisfoot is plentiful enough ; flowering in February
and March.
Farmers are difpleafed with the appearance of this plant on their ground, as it not only indicates a poor, cold,
and impoverifhed foil ; but is with much difficulty, from the length of its creeping roots, effectually dettroyed.
The
The cuftom of fmoaking this plant, which füll prevails, is of antient date: Prrwv dire&s the dried leaves and
root of Colisfoot to be burned, . and the fmoak drawn into the mouth through a reed and’ fwallowed, as a remedy for
an obftinate cough; the patient fipping fome raifin wine with each draught ofthe fmoak : ** Hwjus aride cum radice
« fumus, per Arundinem bauflus et devoratus, veterem fanare dicitur tuff; fed in fingulos. haufius paffum euftandum ef.”
This is the only account amongít the antients, that we have hitherto been able to difcover, which tends towards
the practice of fmoaking: but we cannot acquiefce in the common opinion, that fmoaking of Tobacco, or at leaft
fome kind of plant, was unknown in the old word ’till Sin WarrEn RarzrmeH brought it from America. Is it
probable that the inhabitants of 4frica fhould fo foon have univerfally adopted a cuftom from Europe that was unknown
two centuries ago? Or that the Afatics, fo tenacious of their own manners, cuftoms and habits, fhould in fo fmall
atime, have agreed to extend this uncouth kind of luxury over a vaft continent, from the confines of Conftantinople
to the extremities cf China ? ! |
Countries thinly inhabited are much molefted with Gnats. Travellers tellus, that the Northern Afiatic Tartars
conftantly carry on their arms, during the Summer, a pot of burning Touchwood, fometimes prepared from the
root of this plant, to defend themfelves by the fmoak, from the annoyance of thefe infects, It is probable one more
ingénious than the reft contrived to keep this fire alive, by a communication with his breath ; and this expedient by
degrees produced a Tobacco-pipe. A propenfity to intoxication, fo natural to mankind, would give a preference to
Tobacco before moft other vegetable fubltances ; and thus acuftom that in.the beginning was taken up for felf-defence,
at laft might become a luxury. uni Vox P >
The firft difcoverers of America probably found the natives {moaking Tobacco: but might they not bring this
practice with them from the northern parts of Europe or Afia, which were never penetrated by the Roman arms; from
whence it appears probable that America was peopled? - ligi b) PW
A room or bed-chamber may at any time be cleared from Gnats, by fetting the windows open, and fmoaking or
burning fome Tobacco, from which the infects are obliged immediately to.efcape.. Fhofe that are offended by its
fmell, may fubftitute this plant in its ftead. But cultivated and inhabited countries are in a great meafure defended
from infupportable {warms of Gnats by a provifion of nature little attended to. Of the four kinds of Swallows which
frequent this ifland, whofe food confifts intirely of flying infe&ts, three of them are domeftic, and could with diffi-
culty find fuitable conveniencies for building their nefts, without attaching themfelves to the habitations of men, '
around. which they are perpetually hawking for their prey: hence it is apparent why deferts particularly abound
with Gnats.
The Poet obferves that the. Martin or Martlet, one fpecies of fwallow, choofes a delicate air for its refidence,
Who then can fuffer its neft to be difturbed after reading the following lines? efpecially fince this bird pays fucha
compliment to the fweetnefs of the fituation ?
MÀ
——*« This guefl of fummer,
€ The Temple-bauniing Martlet, does approve,
* By his lov'd manfionry, that heavens breath
Smells wooingly bere: no jutting friexe,
** Buttrefs, nor coigne of vantage, but this bird
*« Hath made his pendent bed and procreant cradle.
** Where they moft breed and haunt, I have obferv'd
66 The air 1s delicate."
Aithough we have wandered from our fubje&, the candid and humane will forgive our interceding for a vifitor,
who claiming the rites of hofpitality, places unreferved confidence in us, and feems directed by providence to attend
on mankind for purpofes the moft friendly and beneficial. à;
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Gots CANINA... Docs VioLe*®
VIOLA Limnei Gen. Pl. SYNGENESIA MOoNOGAMIA.
Calyx Soter vius Corolla pentapetala, MRSTEM mm cornuta, Capfula ,
fupera, trivalvis, unilocularis.
Rau Sys. Gen. 24,, HERBA PENTAPETALE VASCULIFERA.
VIOLA canina, caule adultiore adfcendente, foliis oblongo-cordatis. Linnet Syft. Vegetab. p. 669;
VIOLA caule procumbente, ramofo, folus petiolatis cordatis. Haller hift. belv. m 563.
VIOLA canina, Scopoli Fl. Carniol. m. 1098. A
VIOLA martia inodora fylveftris. Baubin. pin. h 264.
VIOLA canina fylveftris. Ger. emac. 851.
VIOLA fylveftris. Parkinfon 755. Rai Syn. b. 364, Wild or Dogs Violet, Viola canina minor;
Rai Syn. 364. t. 24. fig. 1., Hudfon FI. Angl. p. 331:
UD RD NE XT e NRI e dH S CREER SEDULO UD. OPI NUR TERRIER ee RT
ROOT TER about the thicknefs of a crow quill, -
oblique, fending down fome longifh.fibres of
a toughifh fubfiance, on the upper part foine-
what P rpothed or knobbed, from the remains
of the leaf ftalks.
RADIX perennis, craffitie penne coracis, obliqua, fi-
bras longiufculas, tenaces dimittens, fuperne
fübdentatus ex reliquiis petiolorum.
CAULIS fubereétus, triuncialis, fubangulofus, levis,
folia florefque ferens.
STALK eee upright, about three inches high, fome-
what angular, smooth, bearing both oats and
flowers.
LEAVES heart- -fhaped, Ímooth, crenated, and often-'
times purplifh underneath ; the upper leaves
of a longer fhape.
STIPUL of the ftalk lanceolate, and edged with
füffifh hairs.
FOLIA cordata, levia, crenata, fubtus fzepe purpuraf-
i centia, fuperiora oblongo-cordata.
STIPUL/E caulinz lanceolate, pilis rigidiufculis cilia-
tae.
FLOWER-STALK íquare, furnifhed with two nar-
row pointed floral-leaves.
PEDUNCULUS tetragonus, brafteis duabus fctaceis
inftructus.
FLOS purpureus, inodorus, majufculus. FLOWERS purple, fcentlefs, and rather large.
CALYX: a PEsRrANTHIUM of five leaves, which are
lanceolate, pointed, rib’d, and id at
the bafe; the three uppermoft a little uneven
on their upper furface, the points dur:
upward; the two lowermoft longer, fg. 1
CALYX: Periantuium pentapbyllum, foliolis lan-
ceolatis, acuminatis, nervofis, bafi dentatis ;
tribus fuperioribus fuperne tuberculofis, api-
cibus ae duobus inferioribus longiori-
bus, jig. I
COROLLA, ut ut Stamina cum Pifüllo, a duabus fpe-
cibus jam defcriptis (vid. odorata et hirta)
vix difcrepant, petala lateralia bafi barbata
funt, fig. 2, petalumque inferius ad bafin li-
neis faturate purpureis pingitur.
COROLLA, as well as the Stamina and' Piftillum,
differ very little from the two fpecies already
defcribed, (viz. the fweet-{cented and hairy)
having the lateral petals, bearded at the bafe,
jig. 23 and the bafe of the lowermoft petal,
painted with deep purple lines.
CAPSULE oblong, three cortiered, having three
CAPSULA Bilas, n trivalvis, valvulis cym-
valves, which are boat- - fhaped, Jig 9.
biformibus, jig. 3.
SEMINA plurima, glabra, pallida, flavefcentia, in
fingulà valvulà, 7, 9, fig. 4.
4
SEEDS numerous, fmooth, ofa pale yellowifh colour,
in each valve 7 or 9, jig. 4.
THE Dog Violet. differs from the Sweet Violet in many particulars; the chief of which are,
Firft, The flowers have no {mell.
Second, The flowers grow on foot-flalks which {pring from the ftalk, and not the root, and are in general of
a larger fize.
Third, The ftipulz, next the root and on the ftalk, are very ftrongly edged with ftf hairs.
Fourth, ‘The fegments, or leaves of the calyx, are pointed.
Fifth, "The feed-vellel is oblong and three corner'd.
It differs from the Aairy Violet alío, in all thefe refpects except the firft.
The fame peculiar circumftance of producing feed during the fummer months, without any expanded corolla,
takes place alfo in this fpecies.
It grows with us in greater abundance than either the Viola odorata or hirta, in. our woods, and under hedges;
and begins to flower in April, when both the others are going out of bloom.
It varies in colour, being fometimes found with white blofloms ; in fize alfo, according to the expofed or fhel-
tered fituation in which it grows, it differs very much: and there is little doubt, but the Violet reprefented in
Rav's Synopfis, pl. 24, fig. 1, is the Viola Canma in its fmall fate, though the figure be imperfect as to its
characters.
-HALLER obferves, that thofe who colle& Violet bloffoms for making the fyrup, are apt to fubftitute this fpecies :
but this cannot offen happen: fhould thefe flowers alone be expofed for fale, they may be detected by their want
cf fmell ; fhould they be mixed with a few of the fweet ones, they may be difcovered by the pointed Íhape of the
leaves of the calyx.
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Oncus MascuLa. Farry Sporren Orcuis.
ORCHIS Lue: Gem Pl. GyNANDRIA DIANDRIA. |
Neétarium corniforme pone floreni.
RaiiSyn. Gen. 26. HERBEH RADICE BULBOSA PRJEDIT E; |
ORCHIS mafcula bulbis indivifis, necari labio quadrilobo crenulato: ^ cotüu obtufo petalis doríalibus
Sw reflexis, Lin. Sy/t. Vegetab. b. 674. Fl, Suecic. 5. 319. m. 765.
ORCHIS radicibus fubrotundis ; petalis lateralibus reflexis; labello trifido; fegmento medio longiori,
bifido. Haller bifi. n. 1283. tab. 33.
ORCHIS mafcula. Scopoli Fl. Carnrol. n. i311, —
ORCHIS morio mas foliis maculatis. Baubim. pin. 81. Parkinfon. 1346.
CYNOSORCHIS morio mas. Gerard. emac. 208. Rau Sym. b. 376. m. 3, ‘The Male Fool-ftones,
Hudfon. Fl. Angl. be 333. Oeder. Fl. Dan. ts 457. Lightfoot Fl. Scot. p. 515.
ROOT: two Bulbs of a roundifh form, and fome-
what large.
STALK a foot high, uptight, round, folid, above na-
ked and purplith, below cloathed with fur-
rounding leaves.
LEAVES broadifh, moft commonly marked with dark
purple fpots, the midrib projecting fharply
on the under fide.
SPIKE long, fhowy, loofe.
FLORAR-LEAVES purple, lanceolate, fomewhat
membranous, alittle fhorter than the Germen,
the tips a little twifted.
COROLLA : five purple PErArs, two of which are
of an oval pointed fhape, upright, with a
projeCting rib, the tips bending inward ; the
remaining three form the galea or helmet:
the Lip large, with three lobes, of which the
RADIX Bulbi duo fubrotundi, majufculi.
CAULIS pedalis, erectus, teres, folidus, füperne pur-
purafcens, nudus, inferne foliis vaginantibus
veftitus.
FOLIA latiufcula, maculis atropurpureis plerumque
infienita, inferne carinata.
SPICA longa, fpeciofa, laxa.
BRACTEA® purpurez, lanceolate, fubmembrana-
cee, germine paulo breviores, apicibus pau-
lulum contortis.
COROLLA: PETALA quinque purpurea; duo ovato-
acuta, ereéia, carinata, apicibus incurvatis,
tria conniventia in galeam: LABELLUM am-
plum, trilobum, medio produ&iore, omnibus
acute crenulatis, et bafi maculatis: Faux
alba. middle one 1s the longeft, all of them fharply
notched, and fpotted at the bafe: Mourn
white.
| Expric. Fic, EXPLANATION of the Ficures.
Fig. — 1, Brattea. Fig. — 1, The Floral-leaf.
2, 3, Petala. 2; 3, Ihe-Petals;
4, Labellum. 4, Uhe Lip.
5, Nectarium, nat. magnit. 5, Ihe Nectaty of their natural fize.
6, Glandula ad bafin Filamenti.
7, Filamentum.
9, Anthera.
9, Receptaculum glandularum Filamentorum.
10, Theca Antherarum claufa,
11, Eadem aperta.
12, Anthera extenfa
13, Stigma.
14, Germen, auct,
6, The Gland at the bafe of the Filament.-
7, The Filament.
8, The Anthera.
9, Uhe Cavity containing the Glands’ of the
Filaments.
10, The cafe containing the Antherze clofed.
11, The fame opened.
12, The Anthera ftretched out;
13, The Stigma. |
14, The Germen, magnified.
STUDENTS in general, find a difficulty in obtaining a clear idea of the parts of fru&ification in the Orchis
tribe, There is a peculiarity of ftru&ure runs through the whole of them, very different from what we meet
with in plants in general.
The greater part of this genus have bulbous roots, which are yearly renewed; fome have fibrous roots, which
alfo partake of the fame nature. Asa proof of their being yearly renewed, we always find, when there are two
bulbs, that one of them is in a more withered ftate than the other; and if we take the roots up in Autumn, we
find one bulb only. |
Thefe plants multiply themfelves very little. ‘The fmall increafe they make, appears to be from off-fets. Hi-
therto we have no fatisfa&ory proof of their being propagated from feed ;, yet the feed-veflels in many of them,
are large, well formed, and filled with feeds; which though extremely minute, appear perfect.
The fmallnefs of the feed is, however, no argument againft its vegetating : fome of the Ferns, whofe feeds are
much ímaller, are well known to fome ingenious nurferymen near *London, to be propagated from feed, and to
come up fpontaneoufly in their hot-houfes, where the original plant has {cattered its feed : and it is moft probably
owing toa want of minute attention, that the progrefs of the Orchis feedlings has not yet been obferved.
Were we however difpofed to doubt the vegetative power of thefe feeds, we might urge, that their barrennefs
was owing to their not being properly impregnated ; the Antherz in the Orchis tribe, appearing to be totally dif-
ferent in their ftru&ure, from thofe of plants in general; and not containing, fo far at leaft, as I have yet been able
to difcover, any fimilar pollen, or impregnating duft. |
Each flower has two ftamina, whofe ftructure is well deferving the attention of the curious: each of thefe fta-
mina 1s contained within a bag or cafe, the edges of which fold over each other, and open anteriorly, as the plant
advances toward maturity, fig. 10, 11. At this period, in many of the Orchis tribe, they hang down out of their
cafes towards the fügma, and are particularly vifible in the Bee Orcbis, and fome others : on the flighteft pull they
are drawn out, and then at the bafe of each filament, we difcover a {mall tranfparent globule, fig. 6; and-at the
top a club-fhaped fubftance, moft commonly of a yellow colour, and granulated furface, which muft be confider-
ed as the Anthera, fig. 8. On ftretching this fubftance before the view of a microfcope, it appears to be compofed
of a number of cubic or irregularly fquare corpufcles, united together by fine elaftic threads, fy. 12 : that thefe
corpuícles produce the effect of Pollen feems highly probable, though in a manner, at prefent unknown to us.
There is no difficulty in diftinguifhing this fpecies from all our other Orcb/s's: its {potted leaves and early bloom,
- will in general be fufficient. |
The beauty of its leaves and flowers, juftly intitle it to a place in the gardens of the curious; and in which, if
planted in a fhady fituation, it will readily grow.
It flowers in April and May.
About London it is become fomewhat fcarce ; but in the woods and meadows in moft parts of England, no plant
more abounds.
Should it ever be found practicable, as well as profitable, to cultivate this genus of plants, for the purpofe of
making Salap, this fpecies appears as likely to anfwer as any of them.
The extraordinary invigorating powers of the roots of thefe plants, have been handed down to us with ceremo-
ny, by many great names amongit antiquity: but we readily tubfcribe to the opinion of Monfieur GARIDEL, who
in fpeaking of the Orcbis, fays that great names have introduced many abfurd medicines.
" *Mefits, Lez and Gorpon.
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ARUM MACULATUM. Cuckow.PINT
ARUM Linnei Gen. Pil. GyYNANDRIA PoLYANDRIA.
Spatha monophylla, cucullata, Spadix fupra nudus, inferne femineus, medio
ftamineus,
Rai Syn. Ger. 36. HlggBu BACCIFERA.
ARUM maculatum acaule, folus haftatis integerrimis, fpadice clavato.. Lin. Sy/t. Vegetab. p. 690.
ARUM folis fagittatis ; fpatha re&a: clava cylindrica. Haller. bf. belv. s. 1302.
ARUM maculatum. Scopolt Fl. Carniol. n. 11 38.
ARUM vulgare maculatum. Bauhin fim. 195.
ARUM vulgare. Gerard. emac. 834.
ARUM maculatum et non maculatum. Park. 373. Rai Syn. p. 266, Wake-Robin, Cuckow-pint.
Hudfon. Fl. Angl. p. 342.
Lightfoot P]. Scot. p. 528.
RADIX perennis, tuberofa, albida, magnitudine nucis
myrifticee majoris, tranfverfa, fibras plurimas,
fimplices undique in terram demittente, fa-
pore acerrimo, tuberculis e lateribus egermi-
nantibus fe propagante.
FOLIA: ex una radice duo tria velquatuor, rarius
plura exeunt, fagittata, petiolata, nitida, ve-
nofa, venis intra marginem terminatis, maculis
purpureis fzpe notata.
PETIOLI bafi vaginantes, fubtriquetri, externe con-
vexi, interne canaliculati.
FRUCTIFICATIO fpathà inclufa.
CALYX: Spatha monophylla, maxima, oblonga, bafi
convoluta, apice connivens, ventre compreffa ;
Spadix clavatus, fimpliciffimus, fpathà paulo
brevior, purpureus aut albidus, inferne ger-
minibusobvallatus, marcefcens fupra germina,
Kg. Ae
COROLLA nulla.
STAMINA: FinAMENTAnulla: AwrHERE plurimz,
fefliles, tetragona, purpurez, fpadici adnate,
Viele
NECTARIA corpufcula plurima, bafi craffa, definentia
in cirrhos filiformes fupra et infra ftamina,
HE. 3:
"PISTILLUM: Germina plurima, bafin fpadicis vef-
tientia, infra ftamina collocata, obovata: StTYLI
nulh : SrrGMATA villis barbata, fig. 2.
PERICARPIUM : Baccz totidem, coccinez, globo-
fe, uniloculares, ffe. 5. |
SEMINA plurima, fubrotunda.
A 4€4€ €€4€ 4€ 04€ KEKE LE 416 4416444141110 44 44641444 4144464140446 AE AL 44644 44941464464 454424146445 446445445 44544 4484444544
ROOT perennial, tuberous, whitifh, about the fize
of a large nutmeg, growing tranfverfely, fend-
ing forth on every fide a great number of
fingle fibres, of a moft biting tafte, propaga-
ting itfelf by little tubercles, fpringing from
its fide.
LEAVES : from one root two three or four, feldom more
2 proceed, arrow-fhaped, ftanding on foot-ftalks,
fhining, veiny, the veins terminating within
the margin, often marked with purple fpots.
LEAF-STALKS at bottom forming a fheath, three-
cornered, externally convex, internally chan-
nelled.
FRUCTIFICATION inclofed in a fheath,
CALYX: a fbeath of one leaf, vety large, oblong,
the edges wrapping over each other at bot-
tom, at top clofing, the middle part com-
preffed, the tongue club-fhaped, fingle, fhor-
ter than the fheath, purple or of a whitifh
colour, below furrounded’ by the germina,
and withering above them. —
COROLLA wanting.
STAMINA: FinAMENTS wanting: ANTHERZ nu-
merous, feflile, four cornered, purple, grow-
to the tongue, jig. I.
NECTARIES feveral roundifh bodies, terminated by
a tapering thread, placed above and beneath
the ftamina, fig. 3.
PISTILLUM: Grrmina numerous, furrounding the
bafe of the fpadix or tongue, of an oval fhape,
placed beneath the ftamina : Svr Es wanting:
STIGMATA bearded with little hairs, fg. 2.
BERRIES correfponding in number with the germina,
{carlet, round, of one cavity, jig. s.
SEED numerous and roundith.
BOTANISTS who have noticed the hiftory of this plant, well know that it appears under two very different
forms in the fpring and autumn: but the generality of people are not aware, that the naked" clufter of ícarlet
berries, fo confpicuous in the hedges at the clofe of the fummer, is the produce of what are ufually called Lords
and Ladies, which attra& the notice of children in the fpring, and which are obfervable under moft fhady hedges.
The leaves of the Cuckow-fint are fubject to vary very much in their fhape, and often appear {potted with purple,
as fometimes does the fheath : the tongue within the fheath varies alfo much inits colour, from a yellowifh green to
afine purple.
All authors agree, that the root of the Arum, in its recent flate, is extremely acrimonious; but they in general
agree, that it lofes its biting quality when dried, and with it its medicinal powers.
Mier obferves, that thefe roots are generally gathered in the fpring, when the leaves are in full vigour, fo
that the roots fhrink, and foon lofe their pungent quality ; but thofe which are taken up when the leaves decay,
will continue good a whole year, and retain their pungency the fame as when firft taken up ; Gard. Did. gio. ed. 5.
‘The fame mode is recommended by Bercius, in his Mat. Medic.
When dried and powdered, they become eatable, and afford nourifhment fomewhat fimilar to fago or falep.
The diftilled water of the root, as alfo a powder prepared by drying its juice, have been in ufe as cofmetics. The
root alfo, like that of the Sopewort, has been occafionally fubftituted for fope; Ray, Rutty.
Many of the Arums have mild roots, which are eaten by the inhabitants of all the hot countries, where they grow
naturally : and fome of the forts are cultivated by the inhabitants of the fugar colonies as efculent plants; the
leaves of one of the fpecies of them, called Indian Kale, are boiled, and fupply the want of other greens; Muller's
Gard. Did.
The berties are equally acrimonious with the roots; Scopols. : :
When ftimulating medicines are proper, which at the fame time increafe the fecretions, as in forme {pecies of
afthma and dropfy, the 4rwm may probably be found ferviceable: at prefent however it is not much in ufe. — —
If my memory does not deceive me, the roots in the woods are eaten by divers Birds, notwithflanding their
pungency, particularly the Pheafant.
N?114.
eor.
n Kurt
77 77272À
PorgRiIuM Sancuisorsba Burner
POTERIUM Linnzi Gen. Pl. Monorcia PoLYANDRIA.
Raii Syn. Gen. 10. HERB FLORE PERFECTO SIMPLICI, SEMINIBUS NUDIS SOLITARIIS
SEU AD SINGULOS FLORES SINGULIS,
POTERIUM Sanguiforba inerme caulibus fubangulofie, Lin, 5p. Pl. arr.
PIMPINELLA polyftemon. Haller bif. m. 706.
SANGUISORBA minor. jf. Bauhin III. 2. 113.
PIMPINELLA Sanguiforba minor hirfuta. Bauhin pin. 160.
PIMPINELLA vulgaris minor. Parkinfon 582.
PIMPINELLA fylveftris. Gerard emac. 1045. Raii Syn. p. 203, Burnet. Hudjon. Fl. Angl. p. 358.
ROOT perennial, fimple, whitifh, penetrating deep
into the earth.
STALKS feveral, nearly upright, from nine inches to
afoot in height, branched, ftriated, fomewhat
angular, of a reddifh colour, imooth, but
flghtly hairy at bottom.
LEAVES alternate and pinnated ; the lowermoft pinnz,
or fmallleaves, roundifh, generally oppofite,
ferrated, fmooth, underneath blueifh ; the mid-
rib flightly hairy ; the leaves of the ftalk oval
and pointed oval.
STIPUL® indented.
FLOWERS growing in little round heads, the upper-
moft female, the lowermoft male, and often-
times hermaphrodite.
CALYX: a Pertanruivum of three leaves, placed be-
low the Germen; the leaves membranous and
withering, ido cT.
COROLLA divided into four fegments, which are oval,
often coloured, concave, fpreading, and uni-
ting at bottom, fs. 2: in the male or her-
maphrodite flower both the Calyx and Cor-
rola are larger. i |
STAMINA : FinawENTS about thirty, long, pendu-
lous, and of a red,colour : Aw THERE yellow,
bilocular, the cavities femilunar, ffs. 3, 4, 5.
PISTILLUM in the female flower: GERMEN quadran-
gular: STYLE capillary: STIGMA very red,
and pencil-fhaped, fig. 7, 8, 9, magnified.
‘Two Styles and Stigmata often occur: in the
hermaphrodite flower the Styles are íhorter,
and the Stigmata lefs expanded, ffs. 1o.
SEED-VESSEL a juicelefs Berry, having four wrink-
led fides, and containing two pale brown
DEEDS, jig. II, I2.
RADIX perennis, fimplex, albida, in terram alte de-
Ícendens. |
CAULES plures, fubere&ti, dodrantales aut pedales,
ramofi, itriati, fubangulofi, rubicundi, leves,
ad bafin hirfutuli.
FOLIA alterna, pinnata, pinnis inferioribus fubrotun-
dis, plerumque oppofitis, ferratis, levibus,
fubtus coerulefcentibus, nervo medio hirfutu-
lo, caulinis ovatis et ovato-acutis.
STIPUL/E dentata.
FLORES in capitulis fubrotundis congefti, fuperiores
feminei, inferiores mafculi, íape etiam her-
maphroditi.
CALYX: PrniawTHIUM triphyllum, inferum, folio-
lis membranaceis, marcefcentibus, jig. 1.
COROLLA quadripartita, laciniis ovatis, fzepe colora-
tis, concavis, patentibus, bafi coalitis, ffe. 2:
in flore mafculo feu hermaphrodito et calyx et
corolla majores funt.
STAMINA: FiLAMENTA circiter triginta, longa,
pendula, rubra: Aw THER c flave, biloculares,
loculis femilunatis, ffr. 3, 4, 5.
PISTILLUM in flore femineo: GERMEN quadrangu-
lum: SrTvrvs capillaris: ST16MA ruberri-
mum, penicilliforme, fiz. 7, 8, 9, au&t Styli
et Stigmata duo fzepe occurrunt : 1n flore her-
maphrodito Styli duo breviores, Stigmatibus
| minus expanfis, fig. IO.
PERICARPIUM Bacca exfucca, tetragona, lateribus
rugofis, continens Semina duo, pallide fufca,
Jes Eis 12.
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BURNET is one of thofe plants which has for fome years paft been attempted to be introduced into agriculture,
but not anfwering the farmers expectations, is now in a great degree laid afide. Cattle are {aid not to be fond of it ;
nor is its produce futficient to anfwer the expence attending its culture. It is to be lamented that perfons do
not pay a little more attention to the nature of plants before they fo warmly recommend them. It fhould
teem very unlikely z priori, that a {mall plant, fcarce ever met with but on hilly and chalky ground, and to which
cattle in fuch fituations do not fhew any particular attachment, fhould afford better, or more copious nourifhment,
than the C/overs and other plants already in ufe. It is not meant by this, however, to difcourage that laudable
{pirit of improvement which fo happily prevails at prefent ; but to caution fuch asintroduce any new plant, to make
themfelves thoroughly acquainted with its natural hiftory. .
The leaves of this plant, when bruifed, fmell fomewhat like Cucumber ; and are ufed by fome as a fallad; and
by others added to cool tankard to give it an agreeable flavour.
Linn aus places it among his Monoicous plants, the flowers on the top of the heads being female, and thofe at
the bottom male, contrary to what occurs in moft plants of that Clafs: but it happens very frequently, that the
bottom flowers have likewife in them two Piftils, although not fo confpicuous as in the female flowers, the Stigmata
being not fo much branched ; hence there being female and hermaphrodite flowers on the fame plant, it would
perhaps with more propriety be placed in the Clafs Polygamia. Do not thefe obfcure hermaphrodite flowers con-
tribute to the fertility of the plant?
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MercurIALis PERENNIS. Docs
MERCURIALIS | Lune; Gen. Pl Dioxcta ENNEANDRIA,
, | Masc. Cah 3-partitus. Cor. o. Stann g-s. 12. Anihere globofz, didymex.
Fem. Cal 3-partitus, Cer. o. Styli 2. Caps dicocca, 2-locularis. Tae
iene Syn. Gen. 5. HERB FLORE IMPERFECTO SEU STAMINEO VEL APETALA POTIUS,
" MÉRCURÍALIS perennis caule fimpliciflimo folüs fcabris. Linnai Syf. Vegetab. S5. PL 46g.
MERCURIALIS | caule perenni fimplici, foliis ovato-lanceolatis hirfutis. Haller jf. Bele. f, 16011
MERCURIALIS Cynocrambe. <Shapan Fl. Carnial. 37 200. 7 VE2%. |
»MERCURIALIS ferennis repens Cynocrambe di&a, Rai Syn. $. 139.. Hudfon Pl. Ael p. 375
b MERCURIALIS montaria tefticulata et Mercurialis montana fpicata. Baubum pim. 123.
MERCURIALIS fylveftris Cynocrambe di&a vulgaris mas et femina, Parkinfon 295.
.GYNOCRAMBE mas et femina. Gerard emac. 333. Oeder BL Dan. 400.
ROOT: perennial, creeping, white, and very fibrous.
STALK-'upright, fimple, a foot high, leafy,’ naked
below, round, flightly winged alternately.
RADIX perennis, repens, alba, fibrofiflima.
CAULIS: erectus, fimplex, pedalis, foliofus, inferne
nudus, teres, alterne anceps.
FOLIA oppofita, ovato-acuta, petiolata, hirfutie fcabri- |
uícula, ferrata, ferraturis obtufiufculis, glandula
ftalks flightly hairy and rough to the touch,
-albàad lentem conípicua terminatis.
ferrated; the teeth bluntifh, and terminated
by a whitifh gland, vifible only by a magnifier.
STIPULZE two, fmall, pointed, on each fide the flalk
: at the bafe of the foot-ftalk. '
FOOT-STALKS ofthe flowers proceed from the bo-
foms of the leaves near the top of the ftalk,
are oppofite and hairy ; in the male plant they
are longer than the ftalk ; in the female they
are hid among the leaves.
FLOWERS inthe female few; in the male numerous,
-feffüle, growing fomewhat whirl-hke in little
clufters, and half furrounding the ftalk.
STIPULAE duz, parva, acute, caulis utrinque ad ba-
fin. petioli, i} |
PEDUNCULI verfus fummitatem caulis prodeunt, op-
pofiti, axillares, hirfuti, in maribus caulem fu-
-perant in feminis intra folia reconduntur.
FLORES feminei pauci, -mafculi plures, feffiles, glome-
ratim et verticillatim quafi caulem femiamplec-
tuntur, |
FEMINA, Pao UA SETTE:
CALYX: PEnIANTHIUM tripartitum, laciniis ovato-
CALYX: a Perrantrurum divided into three fegments,
lanceolatis, fuberectis, fig. 1, 2.
which are oval, pointed, and fomewhat erect,
Hix. 1521
COROLLA wanting.
NECTARY two fmall pointed filaments, one on each
fide the germen. |
PISTILLUM: GEnmwEN roundifh and fomewhat flat-
tened: STYLES, or rather SrTIGMATA, two,
." pointed and turning back, jig. 4.
SEED-VESSEL: a roundifh double CaprsurLE.of two
cavities, fig. 5, 6.
SEED: one in each cavity, roundifh, of a brownith
purple colour, fe. 7.
COROLLA nulla.
NECTARIA acumina duo fubulata ad fingulum latus
germinis fingula.
PISTILLUM: GznMEN fubrotundum, compreffum :
| STYLI feu potius Stigmata dua, acuta, re-
flexa, fig. 4.
PERICARPIUM : Carsura fubrotunda, didyma, bi-.
locularis, fig. 5, 6.
SEMEN folitarium, fubrotundum, purpureo-fufcum,
Jg. Te
M AS. M AI E.
CALYX: a PERrANTHIUM the fame as the female.
SIAMINA.: nine FinamMEents, for the moft part, ca-
pillary, ftrait, the length of the calyx: An-
‘THERE round, double, firft yellow, afterwards
becoming bluifh.
CALYX: PertanrHium ut in femina.
STAMINA: FinAMENTA novem plerumque, capilla-
ria, recta, longitudine calycis: Aw THERE
globofze, didyme, primo flava, mox coerulet-
centes, fig. 3. u^ |
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IN the third edition of Rays Synopfs, Str Hans SLOANE communicates a very particular account of the
pernicious effects of this plant: It was, as it appears from thence, gathered by the miftrefs of a family,
in the fields, (74 agris are the words,) fried with bacon, and eaten for fupper by the wife, the hufband, and
three children; the children in about two hours awaked out of their fleep violently fick; on being removed to
the fire they both vomited, and purged, and in about half an hour afterwards they again fell a fleep : two of them
continued in this ftate of ftupor for twenty-four hours, when they awaked, and after more copious evacuations re-
covered. The third child awaked not till the third day, and then juft opening its eyes, was feized and carried off
by convulfions. The man being of a robuft conftitution was not fo violently affected ; but after a longer flecp
than ufual, went about his bufinefs, feeling no other inconvenience than a burning heat in his chin, to affusge
which he was obliged for the whole day to apply cold water. The woman, after being more than ufually op-
prefied with fleep, found her felf ill, and did not recover for feveral days. 5
Acn rom
LEAVES oppofite; oval, pointed, ftanding on foot- |
From fo circumftantial an account, it would appear that there was little doubt of the noxious quality of thic
plant to the human fpecies ; yet it is remarkable, that this fhould be the only inftance of fuch effe&s mentioned by
authors, when the plant has by many been recommended as a pot herb: fuch violent effe&s do not appear to have
been known to the antients, by fome of whom it 1s recommended as a laxative medicine. |
It appears to be well worth afcertaining whether it really poffefíes thofe poifonous qualities; whether it be nox-
jous early in the fpring, or later in the fummer ; and whether it loofes them in boiling.
Linnzvus, in his Flora Suecica, mentions it as being hurtful to Sheep. 'Thefe ufeful animals. are fometimes
found to all appearance poifoned by eating fome particular plant, which the farmer would do well to difcover.
As many poifonous plants, under proper management, prove highly beneficial to mankind, fo it is not impro-
bable but this plant alfo might make ample amends.
It has been obferved by many, that thofe plants which change blue in drying, will generally dye blue: this is re-
markably the cafe with this plant, nearly as much fo as with the Polygonum Tinéforium, fent to England from
China by. the late ingenious and indefatigable Mr. Buaxe, » whofe untimely death every fincere friend to this
country muft deplore: and was it to undergo a proper management, it is probable that it would produce an In-
digo fomewhat fimilar, 3 |
The Dogs Mercury grows plentifully in moft woods and under hedges, flowering from the end of March to the
middle of May. It hasa ftrong creeping perennial root like Coucb-grafi, whereby it may be readily diftinguifhed
from the annual French Mercury.
The antients have taken notice that this plant was of two fexes; but they miftook the female for the
male, The cultivation of the Date-bearing Palm furnifhed the Egyptians with the. firft obfervations on the
fexes. of plants. The fruit of the female was of the utmoft importance, as it fupplied many of them with
the principal part of their food, The inhabitants of countries where Palms grew naturally, might cat the
fruit regardlefs of their manner of fruCtification; but when other countries, that were deftitute of this ample
provifion of nature, attempted to tranfplant and cultivate Palms, they muft neceflarily have been obliged to
attend to the two kinds, the male and the female, as the firft bore no fruit, and the latter would prove
barren if i£ was removed too far from the male.
It does not appear that the "fews were acquainted with the fexes of Palms, although they are often men-
tioned in the Bible as growing in Fudea: but it was well known to THEoPHRASTUS, who defcribes the method
of impregnating the female bloom with the farina of the male, in the fame manner as modern travellers have
feen it performed.* But although it is now two thoufand years fince this author wrote, yet no progrefs was
made in demonftrating the fexual fyftem of plants. until this prefent century ; before which time, all the writers
on botany, inftead of afcertaining what plants were of different féxes, mention male and female oaks, and
other kinds of treés, that have both male and female bloom, on the fame plants. _
The utility of this kind of knowledge appears in the management of the Date-bearing Palm: for. want
of attending to it, the cultivators of hemp frequently meet with confiderable difappointments: and it is pro-
bable that the planters of hops, by their cuftom of deftroying the male plants, may alfo be fufferers.
We do not remember that any of the early poets have mentioned the different fexes or mutual love of
trees. CLAuDIAN, who was well acquainted with Egygt, has very happily introduced it in his defcription
of the beautiful retreat of Venus in the J/lamd of Cyprus. !
* Vivunt in Venerem frondes, omnifque viciffim
Felix arbor amat, nutant ad mutua palme
* Federa, populeo fufpirat populus 1étu
« Et platana platanis, almo affibilat almus." |
oY
é
* Branches on branches twin'd compofe the grove,
** And fooot, and fpread, and bloffom into love:
** The trembling palms their mutual vows repeat,
** And bending poplars bending poplars meet:
* The diftant platanes feem to prefs more nigh,
* And to the fighing alders alders figh.”
EuspEN.
The reader will determine how far this tranflation deferves the cenfure that it lies under, and whether
the following paffage that accompanies it is worthy of its author: ** 4s flowers, which are the lowe of vege-
* tables, are the moft gaudy, and do many times grow in great plenty at the bottom of ponds and ditches.’ Art
of finking in Poetry, publifhed by Pore.
*Vid. HassELQUIsT.
5 LA
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s
ATRIPLEX HASTATA. SPEAR-LEAVED QOracu.
ATRIPLEX Linngi. Gem. Pl. Pouycamta Monorcta.
HznMAPHROD. Cal. 5-phyllus, Cor.o. Stam. 5. Stylus 2-partitus, Sem, 1,
depreffum.
Fem. Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. Stam. o. Stylus 2-partitus, Sem 1, com-
preflum.
Raü Syn.Gen. 5. HERBE FLORE IMPERFECTO SEUSTAMINEO (VEL APETALO POTIUS.)
ATRIPLEX Paflata caule herbaceo, calycis valvulis T ungR magnis deltoidibus finuatis. Linnai. $yff.
Vegetab. p. 764. Sp. pl. 1494. Fl. Suecic. n. 921.
ATRIPLEX folii triangularibus, bafi produ&a, valvulis triangularibus, fubafperis. Haller bif. s. 1617,
ATRIPLEX fylveftris folio haftato feu deltoide, Raz Syn.p.151, Wild Orache with a fpear-pointed leaf,
Hudfon Fl. Angl. ed. 1. p. 337.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. p. 636.
ROOT annual, fimple, fibrous, and ofa whitifh colour.
SIALK generally upright, from one to three feet in
height, four cornered, the angles obtufe, the
fides {omewhat grooved, a little {welled at the
joints, fmooth, of a purplifh colour, and
branched quiteto the bottom: the BRaNcHES
oppofite; the lowermoft very long, fome-
times almoft equal with the ftalk itfelf, and
forthe moft part procumbent.
LEAVES on the lower part of the ftalk triangular,
with the edge more or lefs indented, fprink-
led plentifully on the ünder fide with meal,
fometimes quite fmooth, oppofite, and ftand-
ing on foot-ftalks; the upper leaves oval,
pointed, intire, and alternate.
FLOWERS difpofed on the tops of the ftalks and bran-
ches in narrow reddiíh fpikes.
RADIX annua, fimplex, fibrofa, albida. .
CAULIS plerumque erectus, pedalis aut tripedalis, te-
tragonus, angulis obtufis, lateribus fubfulca-
tis, ad geniculos tumidiufculus, levis, pur-
purafcens, ad bafin ufque, ramofus ; Rami
oppofiti, inferiores longiffim1, caulem ipfum
interdum equantes, utplurimum procum-
. bentes.
FOLIA ima triangularia, margine plus minufve den-
‘tata, farinà fubtus copiofe ad{perfa, fzpe ve-
ro penitus glabra, oppofita, petiolata, fuperio-
ra ovato lanceolata, integerrima, alterna.
FLORES in fummis caulibus et ramulis, 1n fpicas an-
guítas rubentes, digefti,
Flos bermapbroditus fterilis. Hermapbrodite Flower Sfrerile.
tis, concavis, marginibus membranaceis lace- oval and concave, the edges membranous and
rs, fig. I. jagged, fig. I. |
COROLLA nulla. COROLLA wanting.
STAMINA: FrrzAMENTA quinque, calyce paulolon- $ STAMINA: five FrLAMEN TS a little longer than the
giora: ANTHER# fubrotundz, didymz, ru- Calyx: ANTHER# roundifh, double, and of
bro fie Bk a red colour, fig. 3.
PISTILLUM: GERMEN in centro flofculi minimum PISTILLUM: a very minute barren GERMEN in the
center of the flofcule. |
fterile.
Flos femineus. Female Flower. '
CALYX: Perranrsium diphyllum, foliolis ovato-
acutis, erectis, granulis diaphanis obductis,
CALYX : a PEn1AN THIUM of two leaves, which are
oval, pointed, upright, and covered ovr
with tranfparent grains or globules, fig. 2.
PISTILLUM: Germen oval, fy. 6. STYLES two,
fometimes three, filiform and white, fig. 4, 5.
SEED-VESSEL none. Valves of the Calyx large,
heart-fhaped, rough, including the feed, fis.
8
d. 2.
PISTILLUM : Germen ovatum, fg. 6: STYLI duo,
) etiam tres, filiformes, albi, fig. 4, 5.
PERICARPIUM nullum. . Calycis valvze magne, cor--
date, afperz, inter fe includentes femen, fig.
ZI sc
SEMEN unicum, orbiculatum, compreffum, fig. 9.
BOTANISTS have happily divided the plants of this tribe into two Genera, each ftrikingly diftinguifhable by
the particular form of its feed-veflells : without this divifion, great indeed would be the difficulty of invettigating
them.
The Chenopodium has hermaphrodite flowers only, which produce a feed contained within the calyx, compofed
of five leaves, which as the feed ripens, does not inlarge itfelf.
"The 4iriplex produces female bloffoms, and male or hermaphrodite ones ; the feed is contained within the calyx
of the female bloffom, which is compofed of two leaves or valves, which zzereafe as the feed becomes ripe; and in
this ftate only, is it obyioufly diftinguifhable from the Chenopodium ; for at the time of its flowering, fo fmall are
the female bloffoms, as fcarce to be diftinguifhed without a magnifying glafs.
The plant here figured, is one of the moft common of this genus, and one of the moft variable in nature. Firtt
it varies exceedingly according toits age, the perfon who had been accuftomed to gatherit in its young ftate, would
Ícarce recognize it when far advanced :. fecondly, it varies according to its fituation; on dunghills it grows very
ftrong and luxuriant; by the road fides, it is a much weaker plant, and its branches long and procumbent ; in wet
places, it is apt to become much more upright, the leaves fometimes ate very mealy on the under fide, particular-
ly when it grows on the fea fhore ; at other times they are altogether fmooth: in general, the broad triangular
leaf readily diftinguithes this fpecies: but on dunghills, a variety fometimes occurs with leaves not exactly corref-
ponding to this figure, but approaching more to an oval, with an intire edge.
_ in its young ftate, this plant is frequently gathered under the name of Fat-ben, Lambs-quarters, &c. and eaten
an lieu of Spinach and other greens.
Birds, particularly that miíchievous one the fparrow, are very fond of the feeds of the Orach’s. I have frequent-
ly had a plant of this Genus, ftript of its feeds by them in a very fhort time.
Cattle do not feem to be fond of it. j
In the garden and cultivated ground, itis a very troublefome annual.
JE he farmer, as we have before hinted, would do well to weed his dung-heap of this and the other fpecies,
which are equally noxious. |
Y
M
Y
Y
t
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
i
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
:
CALYX: PEnrAw THIUM pentaphyllum, foliolis ova- i CALYX: a Pertanruium of five leaves, which are
i
Y
M
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
i
Y
Y
Y
i
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
M
Y
Y
Y
gae
SEED fingle, orbicular, and flattened, fig. 9.
RNG
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Osmunpa sPICANT. Roucu SPLEENWoRT.
OSMUNDA Lime Gen. Pl. CrypToGAMIA FILicEs,
Spica ramofa: Frucüfic. globofis.
Rai Syn. Gen. 4. HERB CAPILLARES ET AFFINES.
OSMUNDA Sficant frondibus lanceolatis pinnatifidis: laciniis confluentibus integerrimis parallelis.
Linnei Syfl. Vegetab. p. 780. Sp. Plant. 1522. Fl. Suecic. m. 936.
STRUTHIOPTERIS, Haller. hift. n. 1687. .
STRUTHIOPTERIS Spicant. Scopoli Flor. Carniol. n. 1258.
STRUTHIOPTERIS frondibus fterilibus pinnatifidis, pinnulis denfis, oblongis falcatis ; fru&ificantibus
majoribus, laxius pinnatis, anguftioribus. Weis. Cryptog. p. 287.
SPICANT 'Iragi et Germanorum. |
LONCHITIS afpera minor. Bauhin Pin. 359. Parkin 0n 1042.
LONCHITIS afpera. Gerard emac. 1140. Raíi Sys. $. 118, Rough Spleenwort.
—— Oeder FL. Dan. ic. 99-
Hudfon Fl. Angl. 382. ed. 2. pr 450.
Lightfoot Fl. Scot. p. 634.
FRONDES fteriles plures ex una radice fibrofa, in or-
bem difpofite, femiereCte, aut reclinate, {pi-
thamez, immo pedis longitudinem zquantes,
Polypodio vulgari fimiles, fimplices nempe et
pinnatifidze, pinnis denfis, alternis, lanceolatis,
oblongis, 2 lineas circiter latis, integerrimis,
furfum curvis, mediis maximis, (uncialibus,
fe{quiuncialibus,) fupernis et infernis brevio-
ribus, nervofis, margine cartilagineo, fubcre-
nato, retrorfum flexo.
LEAVES: feveral barren leaves proceed from one fi-
brous root, orbicularly difpofed, either half
upright or reclining, from three inches toa
foot in length, fomewhat like the common
Polypody, viz. fimple and pinnatifid ; the pin-
nz fet clofely together, alternate, lanceolate,
oblong, about two lines broad, perfe&ly en-
tire, bent upwards ; the middle ones largeft,
(even an inch or an inch and a half in length ;)
the upper and lower ones fhorter, ribbed, the
edge cartilaginous, very flightly notched, ahd
bent backward.
STALK or midrib, befet on its lower part with {mall
brown {cales.
From the center of thefe leaves arife other leaves bear-
ing the fru&ifications, which alfo are pinna-
ted, but twice as long, and more flender, of
a dark purple colour; the pinnz loofely fet,
and alternate, a line in breadth, longeft alfo
in the middle, the upper and lower ones gra-
dually decreafing, filled with capfules.
STIPES five nervus medius inferne fufcis fquamulis
obfitus.
E medio centro harum frondium furgunt frondes fructi-
ficantes alie, etiam pinnate, at duplo illis
longiores, graciliores, atro purpurez, pinnis
laxis alternis, lineam latis, medius quoque
longioribus, fuperioribus et inferioribus fen-
fim decrefcentibus, capfulis refertis.
CAPSULES clofely crouded together, forming two
diftin& lines parallel with the edges of the
leaf, at the beginning of a yellowiíh colour,
becoming brown as they ripen.
CAPSULE denfe coagmentatz, duas lineas diftinctas,
marginibus parallelas efformant, et ab initio
coloris funt lutefcentis, fenfim per maturita-
tem fufci.
Fig. 1, one of the {mall leaves or pinnz, with the
capfules magnified.
Fig. 2, a capfule burft open, with its ring.
Fig. 1, Foliolum feu pinna cum capfulis auct.
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Fig. 2, Capfula difrupta, cum annulo.
BO'TANISTS appear much divided as to the genus of this plant; fome confidering it as an Ofmunda, among
whom is Linnmus; while others of great eminence contend for its being a Strushiopteris; of the latter opinion
are HALLER, Scororr, and Wis.
The divifion of the Ferns into diftant Genera, is perhaps as difficult a tafk as any in Botany. From the mecha-
nifm of the fru&ifications little is to be expected, as a great fimilarity feems to pervade the whole. ‘The various
modes in which the capfules are placed on the plant, in fome of them are ftrikingly different, and appear to form
very diftin&t and fatisfactory characters ; but when as a tribe, they come to be more minutely inveftigated, the
characters of one are frequently loft in thofe of another, and a precife generic chara&er is in vain fought for,
In the prefent doubtful cafe we have adopted the name of LiwN vs.
The defcription of this plant given by Wis, in his Plant. Cryptog. is fo very accurate, that defpairing of a bet-
ter, we have in the prefent cafe adopted it; not however meaning to eftablith it as a precedent: from originality
we Íhall never fwerve in our figures, nor in our defcriptions, but as feldom as poffible; taking care that whenever
we do, it fhall not be to the prejudice, but rather advantage of the work. .
The Ofmunda Spicant grows plentifully in the environs of Caen /Vood, near Hampftead-Heath, the feat of
Lord Mansfield; and produces its frudtifications in July, Auguft, and September,
ru ved
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PorvracHuM susRoruNpUM. Dwarr Potytricuum.
POLYTRICHUM Linngi: Cryprocamia Musct.
Calyptra duplex, interior membranacea, levis, exterior floccida.
Rau Syn. Gen. 3. Musci.
POLYTRICHUM /üubrotundum caule fimplici antherá fubrotunda. Hudfon Fl. Angl. p. 400.
MNIUM Polytrichoides calyptra villofa. Lim.
Syft. Vegetab. b. 796. Sp. Pl. 5. 1576. FI. Suecic. b. 385.
MNIUM calyptra villofa, acaulon, foliis ferratis, capfulis cylindricis erectis. — Haller. Diff. n. 1837.
POLYTRICHUM Alcefolium. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. p. 309. ". 1290.
POLYTRICHUM
nanum, capfulis fubrotundis galeritis, aloés folio non ferrato. ‘The dwarf round-
headed Aloe-leaved Polytrichum, Dillen. Mufc. 428. 1. 55. f. 6.
POLYTRICHUM zanum capfala cylindrica ere&as furculis fimplicibus, breviffimis, folis ferrulatis.
Weis Plant. Cryptogam. p.
173.
MUSCUS capillaceus minor, calyptra tomentofa. Pa]. paris. 131. 1. 26. f. 15.
ADIANTUM aureum medium, in ericetis proveniens, Jail. paris 429. t 55. f. 7.
MUSCUS coronatus rigidus minor et humilior capitulis villofis brevioribus. Moris. hit. 3. f. 630. t. 7. f. 7-
POLYTRICHUM minus capfulis fubrotundis, calyptra quafi lacera coronatis. C. G. 221. Rai Sym.
p.91.
m€——————————MÉUDUUMUMUDDDaa—-.| QUOIA!AÁUwER RAAMAP A "—""Y"— OA Cc cC c ccc cc C CC CC MC
RADIX tomentofa. * ROOT woolly.
CAULIS breviffimus, vix ullus. i STALK very fhort, fcarce any. |
FOLIA brevia, rigida, intus concava, extus convexa, Y LEAVES fhort, rigid, hollow within, round with-
acuta, margine minutiffime ferratà, bafi lato i out, fharply pointed, the edge very finely
membranaceo caulem amplectente, ficcatain- Y ferrated, embracing the ftalk by a broad mem-
curvata teretiufcula, fig. 1. Y branous bafe; when dried bending inwards,
: andofaroundifh form, fig. 1.
PEDUNCULI fimplices, unciales, rubicundi, fubdiapha- ¢ FOOT-STALKS fimple, an inch high, reddifh, fome-
ni, flexuofi, fig. 3, demum tortuofi, fg. 21. i what tranfparent, crooked, fig. 3, finally
Y twifted, fg. 21. |
CAPSULA fubrotunde, fig. 4. ¥ CAPSULES roundifh, fig. 4.
Fig. —— 2, Folia per lentem vifa. i Fig. 2, The leaves viewed through a magnifier.
5, Calyptra exterior magn. nat. Y 5, Theexterior Calyptra of its natural fize.
6, Eadem magn. auct, Y 6, The fame magnified.
7, Eadem inverfa ut Calyptra interior $ 7, The fame inverted, that the inner
appareat. Y Calyptra may appear.
9, 9, Calyptra interior in fitu naturah. i 9, 9, Theinner Calyptra in its nat. fituation.
10, 10, Eadem aucta. ¥ Io, 10, The fame enlarged.
11, Calyptra interior feparata ab exteriore : 11, The inner Calyptra feparated from the
et feorfim exhibita. Y outer one, and fhewn by itfelf.
12, Eadem in fitu naturali cum exteriore Y 12, The fame in its natural fituation, con-
connexa. 5 nected with the outer one.
13, Capfula magn. nat, nuda. Y 13, The Capfule of its nat. fize uncovered.
14, Eadem auc. Y 14, The fame enlarged.
15, Eademad maturitatem magis accedens. i 15, Thefameapproaching more to maturity
16, Operculum. Y 16, 'The Cover.
ay, 3575. Cho, i 17, 17, The Ciliz.
18, 18, 18, Membrana mucronata in fummo cap- Y 19, 18, 18, A pointed Membrane at the fummit
fulz cui adne&untur cilia. i of the Capfule, to which the Ciliz
Y are connected.
19, 19, Ciliz in fe&ione longitudinal] Capfule ¥ — 19, 19, The Ciliz fhewn in a longitudinal fec-
exhibit». — . i tion of the Capfule.
20, Receptaculum feminis, Y 20, The Receptacle to which the feeds
| Y are connected.
ABOUT two years ago, (1776) on examining the ftru&ure of the Polytrichum commune, in a very young ftate,
I found one of the heads, (ther Linn.) after 1 had divefted it of its woolly Calyptra, covered with a membra-
nous fhining fubftance, and which I had no fooner feen, than I judged it to be a Calyptra, being fo very fimilar
to the Calyptra’s of fome Mofles I had juft before been examining; and on a more minute inveftigation, I
found it to be a real Calyptra, notaccidental to the plant then under examination, but occurring in all thofe
which I, at that time, had an opportunity of diffe&ing ; and afterwards found to be in the dwarf variety ofthe
fame fpecies, growing on heaths, and in the prefent plant.
Thofe who fhall take the pains of inveftigating the ftru&ure of thefe Moffes, will think it ftrange that a part
fo very obvious to the naked eye, fhould not have been noticed before; but this is eafily accounted for.
Noone, when he fits down to examine thefe Moffes, conceives a priori, that they have any more than one Ca-
lyptra ; finding that which is peculiar to this Genus, he refts fatisfied, pulls it off, and proceeds to the examination
of the remaining parts, not imagining that a membranous Calyptra is clofely connected by its apex to the woolly
one, pulled off with, and covered by it, and fcarce difcovered but by totally inverting it: but that this is actually
the cafe, any one may fatisfy themfelves in the courfe of this and the fucceeding months, February and March.
This inner Calyptra differs very little from the Calyptra of other Mofles ; at firft it wholly furrounds the unripe
Capfules, as they increafe in fize it fplits at bottom, and finally becomes very fhort.
T was the more pleafed with this difcovery, as I conceived hopes it would place the genus Polytrichum in a more
pleafing and fatisfa€tory point of view ; and I have accordingly ventured to alter its generic character as above : by
this alteration it is brought from the Miiums, among which it is placed by Linnus and HArLER, and arranged
with the Polytrichums of Dittentus, Hupson, Scororr, and Wis, to which its habit alone certainly entitles it,
was it not found to accord with the Polytricbum in the effential character now difcovered.
Why nature fhould have been thus careful in covering this genus of plants with a warm additional coat, while many
of the other Moffes, at the fame time of the year, are thinly clad with a fingle membranous veil, does not appear.
In the ftru€ture ofthe two Calyptra’s, thereis a moft effential difference; the outer one being a woolly fubftance clofely
matted together, without any conne&ing membranous fübítance; the inner one confifüng wholly of membrane.
The plant here figured, is the Polytrichum capfulis fubrotundis of DiLLENius, and of which that, with the capzulis
oblongis, feems to be only a variety growing in warmer and lefs expofed fituations.
It is by no means an uncommon Mof$ on our heaths, and expofed hilly and fandy places about town. It
throws out its ftalks in November and December, and ripens its Capfules in Yamwary and February.
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126
HvrNuMw sERICEUM. SILKY Hypnum.
N
HYPNUM Linnei Gen. Pl. Caverocamia Musci.
Anihera operculata. Calypira levis. Filamentum laterale ortum e perichaetio,
Raii Syn. Gen. 3. Mvscr.
HYPNUM /fericeum (utero repente, ramis-confertis erectis, foliis fubulatis, antheris eres. Lin. Ste
| Fegetab. 5. Sor. Sp. PL f. 1595. Fl. Suecic. n. 1036.
HYPNUM fericeum. — Scopoli. Fl. Carnial. p. 340.
HYPNUM ramis teretibus ; foliis pilo praepilatis ; capfulis cylindricis, ere&is; ariftatis. Haller. Df. n.1750,
HYPNUM vulgare fericeum recurvum, capfulis eretis cufpidatis. D///ez, Mufc. 323. t. 42. fi 59.
J MUSCUS terreftris luteo-viridans fericeus repens. Moris. bifl. 3. 5. 626. fi 15. fog Jigs 25;
MUSCUS arboreus fplendens fericeus, Vall. Paris. 132: t. 27. figs 3
HYPNUM repens trichoides terreftre luteo virens vulgare majus, capitol XN Rau Sym. B. 84.
Hudjon. FL. Angl. ed. 1. p. 428.
Lightfoot. FI. Scot. v. 2. p. 762.
CAULES five viticuli longi; repentes, fibrillis copiofis,
tomentofis adhzrentes, valde ramofi, in den-
fos ceefpites congefti, ramis creberrimis, fur-
rectis, brevibus, fubteretibus, inficcitate in-
curvis, fig. 1, tactu rigidis, in humiditate
rectis mollibus.
STALKS, or íhoots, long, creeping, adhering by nu-
merous fmall, woolly fibres, very much
branched, and forming clofe tufts ; branches
numerous, upright, fhort, and roundifh;
when dry, bending down at top, and fome-
what (iff, fig. 1; when moift, upright and.
foft.
a
LEAVES oval and pointed, fe. 2, terminating in a
long hair, lying clofelv one over the other,
when dry prefled together, and very fine ;
when moift broader, and more {preading, of
a dullifh green, inclini ng to yellow, with à
íhining filky appearance.
FOLIA ovato-lanceolata, fig. 2, in pilum longum
terminata, denfiflime imbricata; in ficcitate
apprefla, ‘capillaria ; humida latiora, patula,
ex obfcuro viridia, cum fericeo fplendore ad
luteum vergente,
PEDUNCULI femunciales, unciales, purpurez, pe-
richetio fíquamoío cintte, fig. 3, conferte,
circa medium furculi ortae.
FOOT-STALKS an inch anda half or an inch long;
purple, at bottom covered with a {caly peri-
chetium, fg. 3, arifing from about the mid-
dle of the fhoots.
CAPSULE oblongz, teretes, ere, inferne paulu-
lum incraflate, ex livido fufcae, fig. 6, 7,
per medium difeifla, jig. 10.
CAPSULES oblong, round, upright, fomewhat en-
larged at bottom, of a livid brown colour;
i547 5 ent down the middle at figs 10.
CALYPTRA pallida, CALYPTRA pale brown.
OPERCULUM breve, roftratum, miniatum, fie. 8 OPERCULUM fhort, ne: in a beak of a bright
red colour, fe. 8
CILL/E or hairs whitifh, upright, and one row only,
Jig 9
44-4444 HEAL 414644 4 4444464404446 4444 4444464644466) 444444 46 464444 4464044 REALL EAE ARLE AL
CILIZE albidz, erect, una tantum feries, fig. 9.
. THE Hypnum fericeum is one of our moft common, as well as one of our earheft Mojes, producing its
Capfules from September to February.
It generally puts forth its frudtifications in the greateft plenty, on the tops of old walls. It creeps alfo
on the ground, as well as on the trunks of trees,
None of our Moffes afford a more beautiful carpet; it frequently exhibits all the richnefs and foftnefs of
— fik, particularly when dry. But thofe patches of it, which put on this yellow and fhining appearance, by
‘which it is fo readily difünguifhed, do not always produce fructifications in the greateft abundance.
Ir may be diftinguifhed from the Hypnum rutabulum, which often occurs with it, by having longer and more
upright Capfules.
DinrzNtzUs has defcribed this Mofs with his ufual accuracy, which is modernized, and fomewhat im-
proved by Weis, from whom our defcription is almoft literally taken.
S
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Brayum truncatutum Brown Bnvvuw.
BRYUM Linnei Gen. Pl. CRavrrocAMIA Mvscr,
Rait Syn. Gen. 3. Musct.
BRYUM ¢runcatulum antheris ere&is fubrotundis, operculo mucronato. Lin, Sy. Vegetab. $. 798.
Sp. PL 1584. FL Suecic. 391. Dillen. Mufc. 347. t. 45. fig. 7. Rait Sym 94. Hudfon FI.
Angl, 408. ed. 2. f. 477. Lightfoot. Fl. Scot. p. 730.
STALKS fimple, very fhort, feldom exceeding three
CAULES fimplices, breviffimi, lineas tres raro fupe-
lines, growing in tufts, fig. 1, 6.
rantes, cwfpitofi, fig. 1, 6.
LEAVES oval, lanceolate, terminating in a point,
Jig. 13, fhining, with a projecting midrib ;
thofe on the top of the ftalk largeit, with a
ftar-like expanfion.
FOLIA ovato-lanceolata, mucronata, jig. 13, fplen-
dentia, carinata, fuperiora majora, in ftellu-
lam expanía.
PEDUNCLES fimple, fometimes growing two toge«
ther, three or four lines inlength, of a pur-
plith colour.
PEDUNCULI fimplices, fübinde bini, trium. quatu-
orve linearum, purpurafcentes.
9, 10. long point, fg. 7, 8, 9, 10.
OPERCULUM, at firft having a beak, placed oblique-
ly on the capfule, on the falling off of the
calyptra becoming fhorter and upright, fig. 11,
197
OPERCULUM primo roftratum, obliquum, delapfà
calyptrà contrahitur erectumque evadit, fg. 11,
12.
CAPSULE, at firft oval, fig. 8, 9, of a yellowifh co-
lour, finally of a reddifh brown, as it were
cut off at top, and deftitute of both ring and
cilia, jig. 11, £2.
CAPSULA primo ovata, fig. 8, 9, flavefcens, demum
rufa, truncata, annulo cilufque deftituta,
1
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
i
CALYPTRA pallida, obliqua, acuminata, fig. 7, 8, i CALYPTRA pale, oblique, and terminating in a
¥
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Y
Y
Y
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Plantula microfcop. auct. jig. 14. The whole plant magnified, ffe. 14.
THE Bryum truncatulum is one of the leaft of our Mofés, and diftinguifhable at firft fight by the great number
of its little brown heads, which, when the operculum falls off, have their margin entire, fo that they appear as
if cut acrofs, whence its name of £runcatulum.
It is very common almoft every where on banks, producing its fructifications from September to February.
It varies much in fize.
HassELovrsT, in his journey to Palefine, finding the Walls of Ferufalem covered with this little plant, calls it
Hyffopus Solomonis, from a fuppofition that it was the plant which Solomon meant, when he fpake of trees from the
Cedar in Lebanon to the Hyflop which fpringeth out of the wall.
= ° 5 E E B
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SAW RY Ot ar OP at sacra eee ii Vw:
Bryum viripuLtumM Green BryvumMm
BRYUM viridulum antheris ere&is ovatis, foliis lanceolatis acuminatis imbricato-patulis. Linnai $yf.
Fegetab. 5. 798. Sp. Pl. 1584. Fil. Suecic. 1002. Dillen. Mufc. 380. 1. 48. figs 43. Ras.
Syn. 97. Hudfon. Fl. Angl. 408. ed. 2. 487. Lightfoot. FI. Scot, 731.
Exper. Fic. ExPLAN. of Fic.
Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, Plante nat. magnitud, Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, Plants of their natural fize,
Fig. —— 5, 7, Plante auct. Fig. —— 5, 7, Plants magnified.
6, a Leaf magified.
Fig. ——— 6, Folium auc. - Fig.
Fig. 9, 10, 11, Capfula cum Calyptra. Fig. 9, 10, rr, Capfules with the Calyptra.
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8, TheCalyptraexhibited feparately.
8, Calyptra feorfim exhibita, Fig.
Fig.
THIS fpecies differs from the above in many particulars. It grows in clofe foft tufts, which are in general
larger, and of a more yellow hue; the ftalks are frequently branched ; the leaves are much finer, being nearly
capillary ; the mouth of the capfule, when the operculum falls off, is narrower than the middle, hence it bears a
greater refemblance to an egg, with the extremity cut off; while the £runcatulum approaches more to the form of
an urn. In the viridulum, the mouth is alío very finely ciliated.
— 'The viridulum grows in great abundance on the banks furrounding Charlton Wood; and produces its frui-
fications with the ¢rumcatulum. |
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N° 101
Acaricus ovatus. Pucxer’> Mousumnoow
AGARICUS Linnei Gen. Pl. CaverocAMIA .FuNGI.
Raii Syn. Gen. y. FUNGI.
AGARICUS ovatus. pileo ovato fubplicato, ftipite nudo ad bafin attenuato fcabriufculo; lamellis creber-
rimis fubcoalefcentibus. |
AMANITA pileo ovato ftriato, cinereo, annulato, fugaci. Haller hift. belv. m. 2479.
x AGARICUS ovatus. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. n. 1579. Diagn. Albus, cefpitofus; vertice rufefcente ; fipite cy-
lindrico et annulo fugaci cinéto.
AGARICUS; volva exceptus, pileo campanulato, ftriato, vertice levi, petiolo annulato, cylindraceo,
fiftulofo, in bafin roftratum definente. Gleditch, Method. Fungor. $. 89.
FUNGUS, qui volvam vix egreffus in atramentum refolvitur, pileolo campanulato, plumbeo, vertice
lxvi, reliqua parte ftriato, pediculo cylindrico, albo, fiftulofo, radice roftrata. Michel. N-
PI. G. 189. 1. 8o. f. 5.
FUNGUS multiplex ovatus cinereus. — il. $. 73. 4. 12. fig. 10, IT.
FUNGUS fuperficiei murini coloris, lamellis albicantibus. Razz Syn. p. 5. 21.
AGARICUS flcatus, füpitatus, pileo ovato ftriato plicato cinereo, vertice levi, ftipite annulato fiftulofo,
bafi fubulato. Pucker'd Agaric, Lightfoot Flora Scotica. b. 1023. Scheffer. icon. tab. 17,
67, 68.
STALKS, generally fpringing from the earth, or de-
cayed wood, in clufters; the lower part,
without the cap, roughifh, of a brown co-
lour, and tapering tothe bafe ; the upper part,
within the cap, very white, flightly grooved,
and tapering gradually to the top; when full
grown, it becomes fix inches high, nearly cy-
lindrical, fmooth, and the thicknefs of the
little finger, or larger, moderately firm and
flefhy, hollow and naked, and cut through
the middle fhews circles in the flefhy part.
RING wanting.
CAP ffi oval or obtufely conical, the mouth contraét-
ed, and puckered around the ftalk, folid,
heavy, and of a light brown colour; im the
full grown ones, fomewhat bell-fhaped, about
three inches in breadth, of a moufe colour,
marked with umber coloured or ferruginous
Ípots, particularly at the top; the top of a
deeper colour, fmooth, but fometimes flightly
chopped ; the fides more or lefs deeply grooved,
becoming j/za/ly almoft flat, the edge curling
STIPES : Stipites plures e terrà aut ligno femiputrido
aggregatim aflurgentes, inferne extra pileum
feabriufculi; ad bafin attenuati, füfci, fuperne in-
tra pileum albiffimi, fubfulcati, ad apicem
fenfim attenuati, in adultis ftipes femipedalis,
fubcylindricus, lzvis, craffitie minimi digiti
aut major evadit, modice firmus et carnofus,
fiftulofus, nudus; traníverfim fe&us circulos
in carne exhibens.
VOLV A nulla. i
PILEUS primum ovatus aut obtufe conicus, circa orem
contractus, et fubplicatus, folidus, pondero-
fus, pallide fufcus; in adultis fubcampanula-
tus, latitudine ad tres uncias accedens, muri-
nus, maculis umbrinis aut ferrugineis praeci-
pue ad verticem notatus, vertex faturatius co-
lorata, levis, fubinde vero fubfquamofa ; late-
ra plus minufve fulcata, demum fere planus,
margine revoluto.
up.
GILLS very numerous, compact, and broad, connected
together by iranfoer[fe filaments, inconfpicuous to
the naked eye, whence they fo coalefce, that
it is difficult to feparate a fingle gill entirely ;
at firft white, quickly the lower half becomes
of a blackifh colour, and laftly the whole of
the gills diffolves into a black inky liquid: the
internal furface of the cap, in the young ones,
is fprinkled over with a very fine grey powder.
LAMELLZE creberrime, compatie, lata, Jfüamentis
tranfverfis nudo oculo incon|picuis contexee, unde,
ita coalefcunt (prefertim in junioribus) ut la-
mellam integram vix feparare queas, primum
albze, mox pars inferior dimidia nigrefcit, et
tandem tote lamelle in liquamen atramento-
fam refolvuntur; fuperficies interna pilei in
junioribus farina fubtiliffimà cana adfperfa.
SEARS AE LE 44 0A 6 HEHE TELE LEH A46 161616 14641616 LEEDS 414641444640 4146 4146 LEE 445 4464444 44344444 4435445445446
IT appears to be a matter of much doubt, whether this Fungus, common as it appears to be in moft parts of
Europe, be defcribed by Liww vs. Certainly there are none of his Agarict, which accord exactly with ours:
neither do HArrrm, or ScoroLr, quete Linnus in their defcriptions of it. ScH#FFER, who appears to be too
fond of multiplying plates, has given it in no lefs than three. It 1s true, by this means, the plant is reprefented in
its various ftates ; but, perhaps, thefe might have been fatisfactorily exhibited in a fingle one.—If plants are thus to
be delineated in all their varieties, natural hiftory muff fink under its own weight.
I fufpe& this fpecies to be the Fungus fuperficie murini coloris lamellis albicantibus of Ray, p. 5. sm. 21. but cannot
fix it with certainty. ScororLi has given it the name of ovatus, which I have retained, with Mr. Lionrroor's
Englifh name, who has very accurately defcribed it. agree with him entirely in confidering it as a fpecies diftin&
_ from the fimetarius, and with which, in my opinion, it has but little real affinity. “The defcription and figure here
given, when contrafted, will make it unnneceflary to particularize the peculiarties which difünguifh each. But
there is a fingularity of ftru&ure, occuring in the ova/us, which feems worthy of remark. The Gills are connected
together by numerous tranfverfe bars or filaments, difcoverable only when greatly magnified: the ufe of thefe ap-
pears to be to keep the Gills at an equal diftance from each other, and thereby prevent the fructifications which are
fituated on the flat furface of the lamellze, from being preffed on, and deftroyed, by their very great clofenefs. I
have not hitherto obferved this peculiarity of ftru&ture in any other Fungus: in the fimefar;us it certainly does not
exift. 'Thefe conne&ing filaments in the ovatus, make it exceeding difficult to feparate one of the lamellze entire.
Thefe Fungi are very common with us in the borders of wet meadows, near the roots of willow trees, ingardens ,
alfo, near houfes, and by the fides of roads. ‘They are found in the greatett plenty, from the beginning of Sep-
tember to the end of O&ober. I have alfo found the fame fpecies in July. From the time of their fpringing up,
to the time of their beginning to decay, is about five days. ‘Their manner of decaying is fimilar to that of the
fimetarius, and feveral others; the gills diffolving into a very black liquor, like ink, which dropping, carries with
it the feed of the Mufhroom, which is obfervable in the liquor if greatly magnified.
It varies in fize, and alfo in colour, chiefly from a lighter to a paler brown.
The Gills are often found full of littl maggots.
There isnoreafon to fufpe& its being poifonous, nor yet canit be recommended as eatable,
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AcaRIicus FIMETARIUS Ecce Movusunoow.
AGARICUS Zwei Gen. Pl. Cryprocamia FuxGi.
Funeus horizontalis fubtus lamellofus. .
Raii Syn. Gen. y. Funct.
AGARICUS jimetarius (tipitatus, pileo campanulato lacero, lamellis nigris lateraliter flexuofis, ftipite
fiftulofo. à ;
Lin. Syft. Vegetab. p. 820. Spec. Pl. f. 1643. Fl. Suecic. n. 1215.
AMANITA albus, campanulatus, fquamofus, nigrefcens, Haller. bit. helv. pp US dice TE
AGARICUS fimetarius. Scopoli Fl. Carniol. n. 1484.
AGARICUS pileo campanulato, contra&o, ftriato et villofo, lamellis tenuiffimis; petiolo cylindraceo,
annulo fugaci, diftindo, vel nullo. GrEpriTCH. Fung. p. 122.
FUNGUS albus ovum referens. Buxbaum. Cent. 4. t 27. fg. 1. Rau Sym. B. 5. 1 22. Hudfom. Fl
Anglh b. 493. Lightfoot. Fl, Scot. f. 1021. Scheffer tab. 7. 8. 46. 47. 100.
Thefe Mufhrooms moft commonly rife out of the
ground in clufters, fometimes they grow fingly.
STALK at firft is wholly covered by the Pileus or Cap,
| but foon grows to the height of fix inches, is
cylindrical, hollow and very white, the pith
within the tube is foaped like a thread and loofe.
RING proper, none, but a flight edging like a ring from
the torn edge of the cap furrounds the ftalk
below the gills. |
CAP white, in the young ones oos, the length of
the finger, prefently becoming fomewhat bell-
fhaped, finally almoft flat; the FrEsH thin;
the Sxin feparating into brown flakes which curl
upwards, and which in fhowery weather are
often wafhed off by the rains, leaving the Cap
naked and white,
GILLS numerous, three lines broad, at firft exceeding
white and covered as it were with powder,
when full grown they are loofely connected
and waved, with a tinge of red, finally they
become black and diffolve into an inky liquor.
Gregatim plerumque nafcuntur hi Fungi, fubinde vero
folitarn inveniuntur. |. |
STIPES primum pileo penitus obtegitur, mox femipe-
dalis, evadit, cylindricus, fiftulofus, albiffimus,
medulla filiformi, mtra tubum liberd.
VOLVA nulla, fed margo inftar volve ex margine pi-
lei lacero ftipitem cingente infra laminas.
PILEUS albus, in junioribus od/ongus digitalis, mox
fubcampanulatus, demum fere planus; Caro
tenuis, Curis zn fquamas fufcas lacimatas furfum
revolutas feparans, que coelo intempeftivo pluviis
fepe abluuntur, pileo decorticato albo relicto.
LAMELLZJE numerofz, lineas tres late, primum albif-
fimze, farina quafi adfperfe, in adultis laxz,
flexuofe cum ruboris tincturà, demum nigri-
cantes, in liquorem atramentofum diffluentes.
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. The Funet, generally known in Englifh by the names of Mu/brooms and Toad-/tools, are a tribe of plants, which,
while they have afforded abundant matter of curious inquiry to the philofophic naturalift, have hitherto eluded the
moft unwearied attempts of the Botanift to reduce them to their feveral fpecies and varieties.
Although, in point of Utility to mankind, they may not compare with many other families of plants, yet are
they by no means without their importance in the general ceconomy of nature, Whatever is not immediately ap-
plicable to cur own wants, we are apt to think too lightly of; forgetting, that the infinitely more numerous Inha-
bitants of this terraqueous Globe, are equally the objects of the care of an all bountiful Creator.
A great variety of Infe&ts feed on the different fpecies of Fungi, particularly the /arue or maggots, of many of the
Fly kind, Mufce Linn.
In fome Countries, Mufhrooms are made much more an object of food than with us; this prompts the inhabitants
often to eat fuch as are in their natures poifonous, whence direful effe&s have too often proceeded. With us
they are ufed more as an article of luxury, and the markets being chiefly fupplied by the cultivators of them, who
propagate one particular fpecies, thefe fatal accidents fcarce ever happen here.
To prevent, however, any accidents of this kind, perhaps the beft advice would be to caution perfons in general,
. to meddle with no other fort than the common field Mufhroom, which is generally cultivated; and rather to pro-
cure fuch of thofe who cultivate them, than of thofe who may occafionally offer them to fale: and to render a know-
ledge of this fpecies more obvious, we propofe, in afuture number, to give a figure of it in all its ftates, and fhall
endeavour to diftinguifh it from the others in the plaineft manner.
From the obfervations already made on this Genus, we are led to think, that the feveral fpecies of them are more
diftin@, and lefs liable to thofe amazing alterations, which Botanifts inform us of, and which indeed, are fufficient
to intimidate the Student, and deter him, from entering on a field, where he is to expect nothing but confufion, and
be loft in the perplexing mazes of endlefs varieties. ‘There is one pleafing circumftance attends the Fungi: they
. make their principal appearance in Autumn, at a time of the year, when. the Botanift is moft at leifure to obferve
them, and when fcarce any other plants engage his attention. Next fucceed the wintry Mofles: and thus the
Botanifts perpetual fummer is rendered compleat.
The fpecies here figured is not eaten with us; yet there appears no reafon to fufpect its being in any degree
poifonous.
It occurs very frequently, towards the end of September, by the fides of Roads, growing out of the ground,
probaly where there has been fome dung intermixed.
It is diftinguifhed from the other Fungi by its oblong oval fhape ; and in a more particular manner, dy the ragged-
nefs of its outer coat, which curls up in flakes; but itis apt to be wafhed off in heavy rains. The gills are large, nu-
merous. and waved, at firft of a reddifh purple colour, and often white, finally difolving into a black liquid,
like many others of the fame kind. !
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